C. A. R.Janvier 


Hlstcrlcal  Sketch  of  the 
Missions  In  India 


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^  yj^ 


BV  2570  .ri62  1903 

Janvier,  C 

A.  R. 

1361- 

-1928 

Historical 

sketch 

of 

the 

missions  in  India 

<* 


historical 
SketcD  °' "' 

l»ls$ion$in 
India 


I         uNocn  THf  cAnr 
I         or  TMf 

'     Board  of 

Foreign  Missions 
of  tfic 

Presbyterian 
Church 


Wmmm'i  Porcifn    MU 
sionArv'  VkicIv   of    the 

Prttbytcrian  Church. 
Withcmpoon  Ruildinf. 
PhiUdclphu         :    1903 


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INDIA. 

Till-:   LAND  AND   ITS   l'I%OI»Lt:. 

India  is  geographically  the  Italy  of  the  Asiatic  continent. 
Historically,  too,  she  is  Italy's  counterpart  in  at  least  one 
respect.  What  the  one,  with  her  bountiful  streams  and  sun 
Ht  plains,  wa^  to  the  coucpieriu^  adventurers  from  northern 
Iuiroj)e,  that  was  the  other  to  tlie  successive  hordes  of  liardy 
invaders,  who,  looking  across  at  her  fertile  i)lains  from  the 
bleak  table-lands  of  Central  Asia,  swept  over  her  lofty 
mountain  barriers  and  took  possession  of  her  treasures. 
Kolarian,  I )ra vidian,  Aryan,  Persian.  Grecian,  Hactrian. 
Parthian,  Scythian,  Hun  and  Afghan,  Tatar  and  Mongolian 
— all  these  and  others  have  had  their  share  of  India's  spoils, 
some  scarce  more  than  touching  her  borders,  others  leaving 
their  permanent  impress  on  her  life  and  character. 

He  is  a  rash  man  who  would  attempt  to  tell  the  exact 
details  of  these  successive  invasions.  The  Kolarians.  as 
exemplified  to  day  in  the  Santals.  for  instance,  are  often 
spoken  of  as  aborigines  :  but  the  probability  is  that  the  real 
aborigines  were  Negritos,  specimens  of  which  race  are  still 
to  l>e  found  in  the  Andaman  Islands,  and  that  the  Kolarians 
were  themselves  invaders,  coming  through  the  northeast 
passes — preceded  possibly  by  still  other  invaders  from  the 
same  direction. 

The  northwest  passes  were  thereafter  the  way  of  access, 
the  first  to  use  them  being  the  Dravidi.ins.  The  when  and 
the  whence  of  their  movement  no  one  knows  :  though  as  to 
the  whence,  it  may  l>e  safe  to  include  them  under  the  general 
name  Turanian,  and  to  point  to  significant  similarities 
between  certain  Dravidian  dialects  and  mo<lern  Korean. 

Next  came  the  Aryans.  From  their  original  home, 
probably  in  the  region  south  of  the  Aral  Sea.  they  had 
divided  into  two  in'eat  streams,  one  flowing  northward  and 
westward  to  people  the  Iuiroj>ean  continent,  and  the  other 
pouring  southward,  and  sulxlividing  into  Iranian  ■  Persian) 
and  Indian  branches.  The  time,  too,  of  the  movement  into 
India   is   a   matter  of  conjecture.     History  there  is  none. 


I  HISTORICAL    SKKTCII    Ul 

The  sole  literature  of  the  period  is  the  Rig- Veda,  from  the 
;i>inns  of  which  only  the  vaguest  conclusions  can  be  drawn. 
I  )ates  varying  from  one  another  by  a  thousand  years  or  more 
nave  been  assigned  by  various  writers.  Mr.  W.  St.  Clair 
Pisdall-'  infers  from  the  connection  between  the  language  of 
he  Rig- Veda  and  that  of  the  A  vesta  (the  sacred  book  of 
mcient  Persia)  that  B.  C.  1500  is  the  earliest  likely  date. 
It  is.  however,  probably  safer  to  place  the  Aryan  invasion 
not  much  later  than  B.  C.  2000 

The  word  .?///</////,  the  Sanscrit  for  "  ocean  '  or  "  large 
•ody  of  water,'"  was  probably  the  name  given  by  the  Aryans 
hemselves  to  the  first  great  river  they  reached  in  their 
uuth-eastward  progress.  From  this  name,  SiudliK,  Hind  or 
indns,  come  both  India  and  Hindustan,  the  one  through  the 
(ireek  and  the  other  through  the  Persian.  The  two  are 
generally  used  synonymously,  but  Hindustan  is  more  pre- 
cisely api)licable — and  is  applied  by  the  people  themselves 
to-day — to  the  northern  half  of  the  peninsula,  the  valleys  of 
the  Indus  and  the  ("ianges  ;  while  India  is  now  often  made 
to  take  in  the  entire  Indian  lunpire,  including  Burmah. 

The  invasion  of  India  by  the  Aryans  was  not  a  sudden 
inroad,  but  a  long  continued  movement.  Resting  first  on 
the  Indus,  the  invaders  gradually  spread  eastward,  every- 
where ])ushing  back  their  predecessors,  whom  they  called 
dasyi/s  Tenemies  or  'ruffians).  They  counted  these  dark- 
skinned  savages  as  little  better  than  wild  beasts,  whom  it 
was  a  virtue  to  destroy.  The  Dasyus,  however,  were  not 
all  uncivilized.  Some  had  forts  and  cities,  and  no  small 
wealth.  But  they  could  not  stand  before  the  superior 
strength  and  civilization  of  the  Aryans.  Those  who  were 
not  .slain  were  either  reduced  to  a  position  akin  to  slavery. 
or  forced  further  and  further  back  to  the  .south  and  west. 
This  process  continued  through  perhaps  eight  or  ten  centu- 
ries,  till  the  .\ryans  had  overspread  the  whole  of  northern 
India,  to  Behar  on  the  east  and  the  \'indhya  Hills  on  the 
south.  This  region  they  called  .'//r</-:v/;/(^  as  distinguished 
from  Mlt'fhha-dtsa.  "the  land  of  the  unclean,'  the  region 
that  lay  beyond. 

Then  began  a  somewhat  different  movement  toward  the 
south,  more  a  colonization  than  a  complete  comjuest.  "  It 
was."  to  quote  a  recent  wrileri,  "a  social  rather  than  an 
ethnical  revolution.  The  aborigines  were  not  hunted  down, 
nor  even  dispossessed  of  the   land,   but,  coming  under  the 

•  "India  :  Its  Hislory,  DaikncM*  and  Dainii,"  p.  i. 
\  C.  V.  <le  la  Fosse,  "HiHory  of  India."  p.  .^o. 


THH    MISSIONS    IN    INDIA  5 

influence  of  a  stronger  race,  they  learned  to  adopt  its  civili- 
zation and  religion In  the  mixed  race  that  arose, 

the  preponderating  element  was  naturally  the  Dravidian. 
The  mass  of  the  people  continued  to  use  their  own  tongue 
then,  as  they  still  do,  in  Southern  India  ;  and  here  and  there 
scattered  tribes,  far  removed  from  civilization,  remained  in 
the  enjoyment  of  their  primitive  habits  and  beliefs." 

Attempts  to  fix  even  approximate  limits  of  time  have  so 
far  been  largely  guess-work.  The  dawn  of  real  history  is 
to  be  reckoned  from  the  invasion  by  Darius  Hystaspes 
(about  500  B.  C),  who  probably  extended  his  conquest 
almost  to  the  borders  of  Rajputana,  yet  made  no  permanent 
impress  on  the  country.  Then  comes  the  first  unquestioned 
date,  327  B.  C.  when  Alexander  the  Great  conquered  Porus, 
the  greatest  of  the  Aryan  over-lords  of  that  time,  and  carried 
the  Grecian  standards  as  far  as  the  Sutlej.  He  again  estab- 
lished no  permanent  control  ;  and  yet  the  contact  between 
Greek  and  Hindu  was  not  without  its  influence  on  the  phil- 
osophy of  the  one  and  the  science  and  art  of  the  other, 

Seleucus  I.,  the  first  of  the  Graeco-Bactrian  kings,  failed 
soon  after  this  in  an  attempt  to  subdue  India,  but  at  least 
succeeded  in  forming  an  alliance  with  Chandragupta,  who- 
as  King  of  Magadha  (approximately  the  modern  Behar  and 
Oudh),  had  extended  his  dominion  over  the  entire  Panjab. 
To  Megasthenes.  Seleucus'  ambassador  at  the  Magadhan 
capital,  we  owe  most  of  our  knowledge  of  the  India  of  that 
day.  Second  in  succession  to  Chandragupta  was  his  grand- 
son. Asoka  the  Great,  the  famous  Buddhist  king,  who 
extended  his  strong  and  beneficent  sway  over  almost  the 
whole  of  India  (B.  C.  263-223). 

Of  the  next  nine  or  ten  centuries  our  .sources  of  history 
are  scant.  There  were  invasions  by  the  Graeco-Bactrians. 
the  Parthians,  and  the  Scythians,  the  last-named  continuing 
their  successive  inroads  well  into  the  Christian  era,  and 
making  a  permanent  impression  on  the  life  of  the  country. 
Next  followed  the  Huns,  who,  under  their  dread  leader, 
Toroman,  came  near  shattering  the  Aryan  power.  Toro- 
man's  death  and  the  defeat  of  his  son  Mihirakula  by  Yasod- 
harman.  King  of  Ujjain  (Central  India),  delivered  the  land 
from  this  devastating  influence  (533  A.  D.). 

Soon  after  this  there  came  to  power  the  Rajput  race,  who 
claimed  to  be  Aryans  of  the  Kshattriya  or  Warrior  caste. 
Warriors  they  were,  but  probably  of  Scythian,'''  not  Aryan, 

•  See  de  la  Fosse's  "  History  of  India,"  pp.  58,  59. 


6  HISTORICAL   SKETCH    OK 

origin.  Their  ascendancy  brought  with  it  the  fall  of  Bud- 
dhism and  restoration  of  Hinduism.  But  already  in  the 
north-west  were  heard  the  first  mutterings  of  the  storm  of 
Mohammedan  invasion  that  was  to  overwhelm  the  Hindu 
])0\vcr.  First  came  the  Arabs,  who  made  desultory  inroads 
during  the  seventh  century,  conquered  and  occupied  Sindh 
during  a  part  of  the  eighth,  and  were  finally  repelled  by  the 
Rajputs  early  in  the  ninth.  Meanwhile,  however,  another 
Moslem  power,  of  Tatar  or  Turkish  origin, ^^  with  (Uia/ni  in 
Afghanistan  as  its  capital,  had  lisen  to  prominence  :  and  in 
the  closing  years  of  the  tenth  century,  Sabaktagin,  followed 
later  by  his  more  famous  son,  Mahmud  of  Ghazni,  swept 
over  the  Panjab,  establishing  what  is  known  as  the  Pathan 
(or  Afghan)  Empire,  whose  various  dynasties  covered  the 
next  five  hundred  years.  It  was  a  period  of  almost  continu- 
ous warfare.  Not  only  did  the  Afghans  find  formidable 
opponents  in  the  Rajputs  and  other  Hindu  neighbors  to  the 
south,  but  they  soon  had  to  begin  to  deal  with  the  inroads 
of  the  all  conquering  Mughuls  or  Mongols,  the  third  set  of 
Moslem  invaders  of  India.  P'irst  among  them  came  the 
"  World  stormer."  Chengiz  Khan,  who,  early  in  the  thir- 
teenth century,  pierced  as  far  as  Peshawar,  and  then  turned 
back  into  Afghanistan,  which  he  had  previously  overrui>. 
Nearly  a  century  later  Timur,  or  Tamerlane,  of  the  same 
fierce  race,  carried  his  conquest  as  far  as  Delhi  :  but  it  was 
left  to  Babar  early  in  the  sixteenth  century  to  make  a 
permanent  concpiest  of  the  Panjab,  and  later  of  almost  the 
whole  of  Northern  India.  The  three  most  famous  emperors 
in  this  Mughul  line  are  Akbar  the  ("ireat.  (  1536- 1605;,  who 
extended  his  em])ire  through  Bengal  and  Orissa  on  the  east 
and  Binir  on  the  south,  and  who,  tliough  he  overthrew  the 
Rajputs,  the  great  defenders  of  Hinduism,  yet  by  his  con- 
ciliatory statesmanship  gained  the  friendship  of  the  Hindus  ; 
Shah  Jahan,  (1^)27-1658),  under  whom  the  Moslem  lunpire 
reached  the  /.enith  of  its  glory — not  unfitly  marked  by  the 
erection  at  Agra  of  that  triumph  of  architectural  skill,  the 
Taj  Mahal;  and  Aurungzeb,  (1658-1707).  whose  long 
reign,  begun  in  bloodshed  but  marked  by  no  small  degree  of 
effort  after  justice,  ended  in  that  general  disorder  which 
ushered  in  on  the  one  hand  the  decline  of  the  Mohammedan 
ascendancy,  and  on  the  other  the  partial  return  of  Hindu 
power  under  the  Mahrattas  in  tl;e  south  and  the  Sikhs  in 
*he  north. 


katzil  s  "  History  of  Mankiud,"  p.  361. 


THE    MISSIONS    IN    INDIA  7 

Meanwhile  a  new  and  potent  factor  in  the  problem  of 
India's  development  was  beginning  to  make  itself  felt.  The 
liast  India  Company,  granted  its  first  charter  by  Queen 
Klizabeth  in  1600,  had  by  the  end  of  Aurnngzeb's  reign  al- 
ready grown,  largely  under  the  force  of  circumstances  beyond 
its  control,  from  a  quiet  trading  concern  into  a  complex  civil 
and  military  organization,  with  prosperous  fort- protected 
towns  at  Madras,  I^ombay  and  Calcutta.  The  limits  of  this 
sketch  forbid  the  telling  of  how,  while  the  Mahrattas  en- 
croached upon  and  finally  humbled  the  Mughuls  in  the 
north,  the  English  overcame  in  the  south  their  rivals,  tlie 
French,  allied  with  the  Nizam  of  Hyderabad  (battle  of 
Plassey,  1757)  ;  how  the  issue  as  between  the  Mahrattas 
and  the  English  was  settled  by  the  great  victory  of  Assai 
(September,  1S03);  and  how  the  Sikhs  in  their  turn  were 
vanquished  in  the  wars  of  1846  and  1S4S,  leaving  the 
British  in  undisputed  possession  of  practically  the  whole  of 
India. 

Next  came  the  awful  mutiny  of  1857.  The  Sepoys,  the 
trusted  native  troops  of  the  East  India  Company,  rose  in 
rebellion  in  almost  all  the  military  centres  of  Northern 
India,  taking  as  their  pretext  the  serving  out  of  a  cartridge 
supposed  to  be  greased  with  the  fat  of  cows  and  pigs.  Had 
the  uprisings  been  simultaneous  and  under  the  control  of 
leaders  of  capacity,  India  would  have  had  to  be  re  con- 
quered. But  the  natives  had  no  real  generals,  while  the 
handful  of  British  were  led  by  such  men  as  Havelock.  Out- 
ram,  Colin  Campbell  and  Nicholson.  The  sieges  of  Cawn- 
pore  and  Lucknow,  the  one  ending  in  massacre  and  the 
other  in  final  relief,  are  only  paralleled  in  thrilling  interest 
by  the  heroic  storming  of  Delhi — 7,000  in  the  open  against 
30,000  behind  the  massive  stone  walls.  The  end  was  com- 
plete victory  for  the  British.  But  as  a  result  the  East  India 
Company  was  dissolved,  and  the  administration  of  the 
country  was  transferred  to  the  Crown — an  act  which  cul- 
minated in  the  formal  proclamation,  in  1877,  of  Victoria  as 
Empress  of  India. 

Whatever  may  be  said  of  the  not  infrequent  blunders, 
intrigues  and  excesses  which  marked  the  early  history  of  the 
East  India  Company,  or  even  of  some  of  the  methods 
followed  in  the  period  of  its  more  firm  and  just  administra- 
tion through  Governor-generals  (beginning  with  Warren 
Hastings  in  1774),  there  can  be  no  (question  as  to  the  general 
character  of  British  rule  since  the  mutiny.  It  is  systematic, 
enlightened,  uncorrupt    and   truh'   altruistic.     Never  under 


8  HISTORICAL    SKKTCH    OF 

any  other  rjjle  have  taxes  in  India  been  less  oppressive,  or 
the  benefits  given  in  return  more  generous.  Schools,  tele- 
graphs, railroads,  unsurpassed  postal  facilities,  all  speak  for 
themselves.  The  fruit  is  the  loyalt\'  of  the  great  majority 
both  of  the  feudatory  princes  and  of  the  enlightened  classes, 
and  the  passive  acquiescence  of  the  masses.  No  one  who 
knows  India  at  first  hand,  however  he  may  criticize  some 
features  of  the  government's  policy,  can  question  the  general 
beneficence  of  British  rule/'' 

The  attitude  of  the  authorities  toward  Christianity  has 
varied  greatly  at  different  periods.  Carey,  when  he  first 
reached  India  (1793),  was  not  only  forbidden  to  enter  British 
territory  for  missionary  purposes,  but  not  allowed  to  remain 
even  as  an  indigo-planter,  and  had  to  begin  his  work  in 
Danish  possessions  (Serampore)  near  Calcutta.  Opposition 
diminished  under  Lord  W'ellesley  (  1798-1805),  butreached  its 
climax  after  his  resignation,  when  the  Court  of  Directors  of 
the  East  India  Company  frankly  avowed  their  advocacy  of 
Indian  heathenism  and  took  the  ground  that  missions  threat- 
ened the  security  of  the  Indian  Government.*  In  18 13, 
however.  Parliament,  moved  by  the  untiring  efforts  of 
Wilberforce  and  others,  inserted  in  the  renewed  charter  of 
the  Company  the  so-called  "  pious  clause,  "^  which  put  an 
end  to  all  open  opjwsition  to  missionary  enterprise,  friendli- 
ness or  unfriendliness  being  thereafter  a  matter  of  the  atti- 
tude of  the  individual  ruling  officer,  local  or  supreme.  The 
final  stage  was  reached  in  the  famous  proclamation  of 
political  liberty  and  complete  religious  toleration  issued  by 
Queen  \'ictoria  at  the  time  of  the  assumption  of  the  gov- 
ernment of  India  by  the  crown  (November  i,  1857).  This 
proclamation,  while  it  guaranteed  ]:)rotection  to  all  the 
Queen's  subjects  in  the  fulfillment  of  their  religious  convic- 
tions and  promised  ab.solute  neutrality  on  the  part  of  Gov- 
ernment in  all  such  matters,  was  essentially  a  Christian 
document, >^  one  paragraph  being  ])refaced  with  these  words  : 
**  Firmly  rely  nig  ourselves  on  the  truth  of  Christianity,  and 
acknowledging  with  gratitude  the  solace  of  religion.  '     The 

•The  proRi-ess  in   mutfUiil  things  i.s  hinted  at  by  ihc   following  figures:   Rail- 

w  lys  in  India,  end  of  '53.  20  miles  :   end  of  '77.  7,322  miles  :  May  1,  'ol.  25.378  miles. 

In  '81.  20,34*1  iiiile.s  of  telegraph  line  in  operation,  and  a  little  over  1 ,000.000  private 

messages  de.spatched  ;   in   01,  5=i.055  miles,  with  3,750.000  messages.     Money  orders 

'01  nearlv  Si  .001.000. 

Warneck,  "  History  of  rrolestant  Missions,'*  p.  252,  fl". 

The  clause  is  as  follows  :  "  It  is  the  duty  of  this  country  to  encourage  the  in- 
:ro>luction  of  useful  knowledge  and  of  religious  and  moral  enlightenment  into 
India,  and  in  lawful  ways  to  atTord  every  facility  to  such  persons  as  go  to  India 
and  desire  to  remain  there  for  the  accomplishment   of  such  benevolent  putposes  " 

■^ee  Graham's  "  Missioaaiy  Kxpansion  of  the  Reformed  Churches,"  p.  108. 


THE    MISSIONS    IX    INDIA  9 

following  out  of  the  policy  thus  proclaimed  still  depends 
somewhat  upon  the  bias  of  the  individual  officer  ;  but  on 
the  whole  the  government's  attitude  has  been  and  still  is 
one  of  friendly  neutrality  toward  Christianity. 

Turning   to   some   of  the  geographical   features  of    the 

country  :  British  India,  inclusive  of  Burmah,  has  an  area  of 

1,560,159   square  miles,  (595,167  square  miles  of  this  is  the 

territory  of  the  feudatory  native  states,  such  as  Hyderabad, 

Mysore,   Kashmir,   Gwalior,   Baroda,  etc.),   being  about  as 

large  as  the  United  States  east  of  the  Mississippi.     It  lies 

mainly  between  ten  and  thirty-five  north  latitude.    The  whole 

of  it  is  tropical  or  semi-tropical,   variations  of  temperature 

depending  on  altitude  rather  than  on  latitude.     The   onl}- 

places  of  escape  from  the  heat  of  summer  are  the  various 

sanitaria,  located  at  heights  of  4,000  to  7,000  feet  above  sea 

level  on  the  different  mountain  ranges.     The  climate  during 

the  four  or  five  winter  months — from  November  to  March — 

are  delightful,  not  unlike  an  American  October.     The  rest 

of  the  year  is  divided  between  the  dry  hot  season  and  the 

rainy  hot  season,  the  thermometer  during  the  former  often 

reaching  temperatures  ranging  from    110°    to    125°    in    the 

shade. '=^      The    intensity  of  the  heat,    however,    is  far  less 

trying  than  its  persistency. 

The  soil  is  exceedingly  fertile  in  most  parts  of  the  coun- 
try, yielding,  in  spite  of  crudest  methods  of  cultivation, 
large  and  frequent  crops  (as  many  as  three  and  four  in  a 
single  year  in  some  cases).  The  main  products  are  wheat, 
rice,  cotton,  opium,  oil-seeds,  tea,  indigo  and  (in  the  north) 
potatoes.  The  staple  diet  in  the  southern  and  eastern 
regions  is  rice  ;  in  the  north,  wheat  for  the  upper  classes, 
and  corn,  barley  and  the  coarse  millets  for  the  poorer. 
Meat  is  a  part  of  the  regular  diet  of  such  Mohammedans 
and  Christians  as  can  afford  it ;  it  is  not  uncommon,  es- 
pecially goat's  meat,  among  some  classes  of  Hindus. 

The  population,  as  given  by  the  census  of  1901,  is 
294,362,676,  which  includes  Aden  as  well  as  Burmah  and 
Ceylon . 

The  sketch  of  the  early  history  of  India  has  in  some 
measure  indicated  the  diversity  of  the  race  elements  which 
have  gone  to  make  up  its  population.  The  languages  in  use 
give  even  greater  evidence  of  this  diversity.     Recent  inves- 

•Here  is  a  day's  record  for  Allahabad,  taken  entirely  at  random  from  the 
period  (March  28th)  between  the  cool  and  the  hot  seasons  :  Maximum  temperature, 
in  shade,  106.4  ;  maximum,  in  sun,  15^}  6  ;  minimum  in  shade,  69  ;  mean  tempera 
ture,  87.1  ;  normal  mean  temperature,  81.3. 


lO  HISTORICAL   SKETCH    OF 

ligation  by  a  Government  expert  (  Mr.  Grierson)  reveals  the 
existence  of  no  less  than  707  languages  and  dialects.  Some  of 
these  differ  far  more  widely  from  each  other  than  they  do  from 
the  languages  of  Europe.  They  fall  in  general  into  four 
groups:  Semitic,  Aryan,  Dravidian  and  Kolarian.  Those 
of  the  last  group  are  spoken  only  by  aboriginal  hill  tribes. 
The  main  Dravidian  languages  are  Tamil  (spoken  by  up- 
wards of  15.000,000)  ;  Telugu,  (20,000,000)  ;  Kanarese, 
(10,000,000),  and  Malayalam,  (5,000,000).  The  Aryan 
group  includes  among  many  others  Bengali,  (41,000,000)  ; 
Hindi,  (85,000,000);  Panjabi,  (18,000,000);  Gujrati, 
Cio.ooo.ooo),  and  Uriya,  (9,000,000).  Hindustani  or  Urdu 
is  usually  classed  wuth  this  group,  but  might  more  properly 
be  called  an  Aryo-Semitic  language.  It  is  one  of  the  most 
curious  linguistic  hybrids  in  the  world,  having  been  pro- 
duced by  India's  Mohammedan  conquerors,  who  forced 
Hindi  into  combination  with  Persian  and  Arabic.  It  is  the 
most  widely  diffused  language  of  India,  being  spoken  or  at 
least  understood,  not  only  by  most  of  those  who  speak  Pan- 
jabi or  Hindi,  but  by  almost  all  Mohammedans  the  country 
over.  It  is  safe  to  say  that  nearly  half  the  population  of 
India  can  be  reached  through  it  and  Hindi,  its  next  of  kin. 


THE  RELIGIONS  OF  INDIA. 

I.  Axi.MivSM. — The  religion  of  the  al^origines  of  India 
seems  to  have  been  a  sort  of  animism  or  spirit- worship — the 
spirits  being  evil  spirits.  All  natural  phenomena,  and 
especially  all  untoward  events,  were  referred  to  the  agency 
of  these  demons,  who  were  propitiated  by  incantations  and 
bloody  sacrifices.  It  is  exceedingly  difllcult  to  draw  the 
line  accurately  between  Animists  and  Hindus  to-day  ;  for 
the  worship  of  the  latter  has  been  largely  modified  by  the 
])eliefs  of  the  former,  and  the  former  have  in  many  cases 
added  to  their  demon  worship  the  polytheism  and  idolatry  of 
the  latter,  and  have  often  actually  classed  themselves  as 
Hindus.  ••  The  census  of  1901  gives  the  luimber  as 
10,000,000. 

II.  Buddhism,  though  it  does  not  come  next  chrono- 
logically, may  well  be  disposed  of  at  this  point  because  ot 
its    present   insignificant   position    among   the   religions   of 


•It  is  related  by  a  mi.ssionary  of  the  Madras  Pre.sidency  that  in  one  village  the 
Animists  adoptetl  the  sujjjit'stion  of  Hindu  neiRhbors  and  ninrried  their  female 
demons  to  Hindu  gods,  and  thereafter  complacently  worshipped  them  all. 


THE    MISSIONS    IN    INDIA  II 

India.  It  has  now  only  7,000,000  adherents,  and  these  con- 
fined ahnost  entirely  to  Burmah  and  Ceylon.  Yet  once  it 
controlled  India.  Siddharta  Gautama, '•''  its  founder,  son  of 
Suddodhana,  King  of  the  Sakyas,  was  born  about  560  B.  C, 
at  Kapilavastu,  a  hundred  miles  north  of  Benares.  Bur- 
dened with  the  sense  of  life's  sorrows  and  mysteries,  he 
turned  his  back  on  worldly  prospects,  and  after  years  of 
vain  searching  for  peace  by  means  of  Hindu  asceticism,  he 
finally  attained  "  enlightenment,''  and  propounded  the  basal 
doctrine  of  his  system,  that  "  suffering  is  10  be  got  rid  of  by 
the  suppression  of  all  desires  and  by  extinction  of  personal 
existence."  Principal  Grant,  in  "The  Religions  of  the 
World,"  well  describes  Buddhism  as  "  a  system  of  humani- 
tarianism  with  no  future  life,  and  no  God  higher  than  the 
perfect  man."  It  won  its  way  to  power  partly  because  it 
was  on  the  one  hand  the  logical  outcome  of  certain  phases  of 
philosophic  Hinduism,  and  on  the  other  a  protest  against  its 
utter  formalism  and  the  tyrannj^  -of  its  priests,  and  partly 
because  of  the  attractiveness  of  its  moral  code  and  of  its 
comparatively  unselfish  teachings. t 

Buddhism  reached  its  zenith  under  the  Emperor  Asoka 
(263-223  B.  C),  its  "golden  age"  continuing  till  toward 
the  end  of  the  reign  of  Kanishka,  one  of  the  Indo-Scythian 
Kings,  who  came  to  the  throne  in  78  A.  D.  Thencefor- 
ward Brahman  influence  gradually  regained  its  place,  till  by 
the  end  of  the  tenth  century  it  had  practically  driven  Bud- 
dhism out  of  India,  confining  it,  as  now,  to  Ceylon  and 
Burmah. 

III.  JainismJ  is  nearly  related  to  Buddhism,  arising  at 
the  same  period  (possibly  an  earlier)  and  out  of  the  same 
conditions.  Like  it,  it  is  practically  atheistic.  Its  moral 
code  is  closely  allied  to  that  of  Buddha,  and  consists  of  five 
prohibitions  (against  killing,  lying,  stealing,  adultery  and 
worldliness)  and  five  duties  (mercy  to  animate  beings,  alms- 
giving, fasting,  and  veneration  for  sages  while  living  and 
worship  of  their  images  when  dead.  Its  most  conspicuous 
feature  is  its  zeal  for  the  preservation  of  animal  life.  Its 
adherents,  though  numbering  only  about  a  million  and  a 
half  (mainly  in  Bombay  Presidency),  have  no  small  influence 
in  India,  chiefly  because  of  their  wealth  and  comparatively 
high  degree  of  education. 

*GautAma  was  the  family  name,  Siddharta  the  persoual.     Buddha  means  "  the 
enlightened."     He  was  also  called  Sakya  Muni,  "the  sage  of  the  Sakyas." 
tSee  sketch  in  St.  Clair  Tisdall's  "  Religions  of  India,"  pp.  66-76. 
jSee  Murdoch's  "  Religious  History  of  India,"  p.  85,  ff. 


T2  HISTORICAL   SKETCH    OF 

IV.  Hinduism . — To  give  a  brief  and  yet  complete 
account  of  Hinduism  is  an  impossibility.  To  give  an 
authoritative  account  of  it,  no  matter  at  what  length,  is 
equally  an  impossibility.  It  is  difficult  to  find  any  two 
writers — especially  any  two  Hindu  writers — who  agree  in 
their  statement  of  even  its  essential  features.  Not  only  has 
it  been  constantly  changing  through  the  centuries,  always 
for  the  worse,  but  at  no  time  has  it  been  the  same  in  differ- 
ent parts  of  India,  nor  even  self -consistent  in  any  one  part. 
The  most  that  can  be  done  here  is  to  outline  the  develop- 
ment of  its  complex  system,  and  to  present  some  of  the 
more  conspicuous  of  its  modern  characteristics. 

As  a  preliminary,  a  brief  statement  as  to  the  sacred  books  of  the 
Hindus  is  necessary.  These  are  classed  under  the  two  heads  Sruti* 
("that  which  has  been  heard"  from  the  Divine  voice),  the  fully 
authoritative,  and  Smriti,  ("that  which  is  remembered"),  less 
authoritative  writings,  based  upon  the  Sruti.  To  the  former  class 
belong  the  Vedas  alone.  These  are  four  in  number:  Rig,  Sama, 
Yajur  (the  Black  and  the  White)  and  Atharva :  and  each  consists  of 
three  parts,  Hvnins  {Sanhita  or  Mantra),  Pitual  [Brahmana]  and 
Philosophical  Tieatises  ^Upanishad,  included  with  Aranyaka  or 
"  Forest  Treatises.")  The  6'a«/n/tfi^  are  the  oldest  portion  (variously 
placed  by  different  authorities  between  the  dates  1800  and  800  B.  C.),t 
and  consist  of  versified  prayers  and  praises  ;  the  Brahnianas  come 
next  (falling  approximately  between  900  and  500  B.  C),  and  are  com- 
mentaries, mostlvin  prose,  explaining  how  the  Mihitras  [Sanhiia)  are 
to  be  used  in  the  performance  of  religious  rites;  and  last  come  the 
Ara)ivaka5  and  l^panishads  (the  earliest  of  them  probably  dating 
from  '  about  600  B.  C),  consisting  of  philosophical  inquiries  on 
religious  themes,  ostensibly  based  on  the  Mantras.  The  term  Veda  is 
sometimes  applied  exclusively  to  the  Hymns,  and  yet,  as  Dr.  Murdoch 
well  says  ("Letter  to  Maharaja  of  Darbhanj^ah,"  p.  19),  not  only  are 
the  Brahtnanas  and  (Jpanlshads  as  much  Sruti  as  the  Mantras,  but 
the  I'panishads  "  are  practically  the  only  I'eda  studied  by  thoughtful 
Hindus  of  the  present  day." 

The  term  Smriti  \9,  more  elastic,  its  content  varying  more  or  less 
with  the  view-point  of  the  individual  sect  of  Hindus;  but  it  may  be 
said  to  include  among  other  books  the  following  : 

I.  The  Darsanas  or  systematized  "  exhibitions  "  of  the  philoso- 
phy of  the  (Jpanishads.  These  are  six  in  number,  each  serving  as  the 
basis  of  a  separate  ])hilosophical  sect:  A^yaya,  I'aiseshika,  Sankhya, 
}'oga,  iMimansa  and  /  'edanta.  Their  date  it  is  impossible  to  fix  with 
exactness,  further  than  to  say  that  they  are  probably  contemporary 
with  the  rise  of  P>uddhism,  but  did  not  take  their  present  fi'rm  much 
before  the  Christian  era.  'X\iKt  Sankhya,  )'(>i,'(7and  /  V^A/w/a  have  been 
the  three  most  inilucntial  schools  of  thought,  the  last  the  most  influ- 
ential of  all. 

*See  Mitchell's  "  Hinduism,  Past  and  Present,"  p.  13,  ff 
tThe  Atharva  Veda  is  probably  of  much  later  date. 


THE    MISSIONS    IN    INDIA  1 3 

II.  The  Laws  of  Manu,  or  Mdnava  Dharnta  Shastra,  a  treatise  on 
religious  jurisprudence,  bearing  somewhat  the  same  relation  to  the 
Brahnianas  as  the  Darsanas  do  to  the  Upanishads,  and  belonging  to 
the  period  between  500  and  300  B.  C*  (Other  similar  treatises  followed 
later.) 

III.  The  Epic  poems,  Raniayana  and  Mahabharata,  which 
include  legends  of  a  remote  age,  but  may  in  their  present  form  safely 
be  placed  in  the  early  centuries  of  the  Christian  era.t 

IV.  The  eighteen  Purtmas,  a  kind  of  versified  encyclopaedia  of 
religion,  philosophy,  science  and  history,  belonging,  in  their  collated 
form,  to  the  period  between  the  twelfth  aud  seventeenth  centuries,  A. D. 

V.  The  Tantras,  somewhat  similar  to  the  Purdnas,  but  belonging 
probably  to  a  slightly  later  period,  and  setting  forth  the  principles  of 
Sakti  worship.     (See  p.  17). 

The  stages  in  the  development  of  Hinduism  are  marked 
by  these  religious  books,  which  are,  each  in  its  turn,  expres- 
sions of  the  thought  of  one  period  and  controllers  of  the  next. 
These  stages  overlap  as  the  writings  overlap  ;  their  chro- 
nology is  as  wholly  uncertain  as  are  the  dates  of  these 
writings.  In  general,  however,  the  following  stages  of 
development  are  traceable  : 

I.  Vedic  Hinduism,  (1800  to  800  B.  C),  exhibited 
especially  in  the  Rig- Veda.  It  was  polytheistic  nature  icor- 
ship.  ' '  Thrice  eleven  ' '  deities  are  frequently  mentioned  ; 
once  (III,  9,  9),  we  have  a  much  larger  number.  The 
most  prominent  were  l^aruiia  (Greek  Oiiranos),  the  encom- 
passing firmament;  Indra,  the  rain  god  ;  Agni,  the  god  ot 
fire  ;  Surya,  the  sun  god,  and  Dyaus  Pita?-,  who  is  unques- 
tionably the  relic  of  an  original  monotheism,  and  of  whom 
Prof.  Max  Muller  forcibly  says  : 

If  I  were  asked  what  I  consider  the  most  important  discover} 
which  has  been  made  during  the  nineteenth  century  with  respect  to  the 
ancient  history  of  mankind,  I  should  answer  by  the  following  short 
line: 

Sanskrit  Dyaush-Pitar  =  Greek  Zeus  Pater  =  Latin  Jupiter  ^ 
Old  Norse  Tyr. 

Think  what  this  equation  implies  !  It  implies  not  only  that  our 
own  ancestors  and  the  ancestors  of  Homer  and  Cicero  i^the  Greeks  and 
Romans)  spoke  the  same  language  as  the  people  of  India — this  is  a 
discovery  which,  however  incredible  it  sounded  at  first,  has  long  ceased 
to  cause  any  surprise — but  it  implies  and  proves  that  they  all  had  once 
the  same  faith,  aud  worshipped  for  a  time  the  same  supreme  Deity 
under  exactly  the  same  name— name  which  meant  Heaven-Father. 


*Sir  W.  W.  Hunter's  "  Brief  History,"  etc.,  P- 66;  Mitchell's  "Hinduism,"  p 
82,  ff. 

tDr.  Mitchell  places  i\\e  Mahabharaia  in  its  present  form  in  the  sixth  or  seventh 
century,  A.  D. 


14  HISTORICAL   SKETCH    OF 

The  following  extracts  well  exemplify  two  extremes  in 
the  hymns  of  the  Rig-  Veda  : 

"Drinker  of  the  soma  juice  ilndra^  wielder  of  the  thunderbolt, 
bestow  upon  us  ahuncauce  of  cows  with  projecting  jaws." 

"Whenever  we  men,  O  Varuna,  co-.niit  an  offence  before  the 
heavenly  host ;  whenever  we  break  thy  law  through  thoughtlessness  ; 
have  uiercy,  Almighty,  have  mercy  !  " 

2.  Brahmanic  Hinduism,*  (900  to  500  B.  C). — As 
time  passed  the  number  of  the  gods  greatly  increased.  Fear 
of  evil  spirits  became  conspicuous,  perhaps  under  the  in- 
fluence of  aboriginal  cults.  Religion  began  to  be  stereotyped. 
P'ormulas  took  the  place  of  worship,  and  the  influence  of 
those  who  learned  and  repeated  them  increased  accordingly. 
Success  in  dealing  with  supernatural  powers  depended  upon 
the  proper  selection  of  mantras  and  absolute  accuracy  in 
their  repetition.  The  very  formulas  themselves  were  deified. 
The  literary  fruit  of  this  development  was  the  Brahvianas  of 
the  Vcdas  and  later  the  code  of  Manu  ;  and  its  main  re- 
ligious and  social  fruit  was  the  supremacy  of  the  priest 
class  (the  Brahmans)  and  the  complete  organization  of  the 
caste  system.  This  was  beyond  doubt  primarily  a  matter  of 
race  (as  hinted  at  in  the  original  word  for  caste,  varna,  color). 
Aryans  separated  themselves  from  the  despised  non-Aryans 
and  from  those  of  mixed  parentage.  At  the  same  time  they 
divided  off  among  themselves  according  to  their  occupations, 
which  naturally  tended  to  become  hereditary.  Priests 
{Bra/i7?ia?i),  warriors  {K's/uittriva)  and  tillers  of  the  soil 
{Vaisya)  formed  each  their  own  caste;  and  gradually, 
though  not  without  a  struggle,  which  between  the  Brah- 
nians  and  Kshattriyas  seems  to  have  been  a  bitter  and  bloody 
one,  they  established  the  above  order  of  priority.  To  the 
non-Aryans,  who  made  up  the  Sthira  caste,  were  left  all  the 
trades  and  menial  service.!"  Just  as  the  Hindu  religious 
writings  contain  no  less  than  fourteen  different  accounts  as  to 
the  source  of  tlie  Vedas,  so  do  the}'  offer  a  generous  choice 
regarding  the  origin  of  caste. |  The  most  commonly  ac- 
cepted view  is  that  set  forth  by  Manu  (Bk.  I.,  31)  that 
Brahma,  the  parent  of  worlds,  after  his  birth  from  a  golden 
^gg,  peopled  the  earth  by  producing  the  Brahman  from  his 
mouth,  the  Kshattriya  from  his  arms,  the    latsya  from  his 

*The  term  Brahmanism  is  to  be  avoided,  partly  because  it  is  a  word  never  used 
by  any  one  in  India  to  describe  his  own  religion,  partly  because  it  is  inaccurate, 
there  being  no  such  thing  as  Brahmanism  distinct  from  Hinduism,  and  partly 
because  its  very  derivation  is  doubtful,  {B/ahrn.  Brahman  or  Bra/imatta). 

tSee  de  la  Fosse's  "  Historv  of  India,''  pp.  11,  12,  and  Murdoch's  "  Religious 
History  of  India,"  p.  48.  ff. 

See  Murdoch's  "  Letter  to  the  Maharaja  of  Darbhaugah,'  p.  50,  ff. 


THE    MISSIONS    IN    INDIA  15 

thighs,  and  the  Siidra  from  his  feet.'''  Whatever  the  origin 
of  the  system,  of  the  Brahman's  complete  and  permanent 
supremacy — amounting  to  deification — there  can  be  no 
question. 

3.     Philosophic   Hinduism  (600,  B.  C,  to  Christian 
Era).     The  inevitable  reaction  from  the  elaborate  ritual,  the 
empty  formalism,  the  endless  and  meaningless  sacrifices  of 
Brahmanic    Hinduism    came    in    the    wave    of    philosophic 
speculations  which  produced  first  the    Upanishads   and  then 
the  six  Darsanas  professedly  based  on  them.     The  thought 
of  this  period  was  mainly  pantheistic,  though  in  one  or  other 
of  these  six  schools  we  have  apparent  afiirmations  of  atheism, 
polytheism  and  even  monotheism.    In  the  Brahmanic  period 
the  way  of  deliverance  had  been  the  karma-mdrg  or  ' '  path 
of  works  (or  ritual)  "  ;  in  the  philosophic  it  was  the  jiuhid- 
mdrg  or   "way  of  knowledge."     To  know   one's  identity 
with  the  true,  infinite  and  eternal  self,t  this  was  salvation. 
Transmigration   of  souls  had  come  now  to  be  an   essential 
feature  of   Hindu  thought,!  and  the  one  idea  of  salvation 
was  that  of   deliverance  from  endless  rebirths    (8,400,000  is 
the  popular  conception).     The  six  systems  professing  to  set 
forth  this  way  of  deliverance,  though  all  appealing  to  the 
Vedas,  and  all  accepted  to  this  day  as  wholly  orthodox,  were 
utterly  opposed  one  to  another.     The    Bhdgavad    Gita,  that 
remarkable  production  which  comes  as  an  obvious  interpola- 
tion in  the  great  epic,  the  Mdhdbhdiata,  is  an  attempt  to 
harmonize  three  of  these  systems,  and  belongs  properly  to  this 
same  period  of  Philosophic  Hinduism,  in  a  later  stage. 

4.  PuRANic  Hinduism  (A.  D.  i  to  1700). — The  char- 
acteristics of  the  successive  stages  of  this  period  are  to  be 
traced  in  the  two  great  Epic  poems,  and  in  the  Purd?ias  and 
the  Tdntras.  During  the  centuries  of  Buddhist  supremacy  the 
Hinduism  of  the  masses,  partly  probably  under  the  accentu- 
ated influence  of  southern  India  and  its  Dravidian  cults, 
partly  possibly  through  the  deliberate  purpose  of  the  Brah- 

*Caste  has  been  subdivided  until  the  four  original  castes  now  number  many 
thousands.  It  is  estimated  that  the  Brahman  caste  alone  is  divided  into  1  866  sub- 
castes.  The  lower  castes  are  still  more  complex  Hindu  custom  forbids  inter- 
cour?e  between  persons  of  different  castes.  The  touch  and  often  the  shadow  of  a 
low-caste  man  defiles.  The  Brahmans  from  different  provinces  in  many  cases  will 
not  eat  together.  ^         .,         j    -t-  . 

tThe  two  "  great  sentences"  were  Br.ihmdsmi,  I  am  Brahma,  and  lat- 
/rf'awz  <*.j/,  "  It  thou  art  " 

tThere  can  be  little  or  no  question  that  this  doctrine  was  taken  by  Buddha  from 
Hinduism,  not  by  the  latter  from  Buddhism,  as  is  sometimes  stated.  (See  "  Hin- 
duism, Past  and  Present,"  pp.  50,  132;  de  la  Fosse's  "History  of  India,"  p.  28  ; 
Tisdall's  "India  :  Its  History,  Darkness  and  Dawn."  p.  5^)-  Indeed  Buddhism  may 
be  said  to  be  but  the  extreme  development  of  the  Sankhya  Philosophy. 


I  6  HISTORICAL    SKETCH    OV 

mans  to  offset  tlie  power  of  Buddhism  by  popularizing 
Hinduism  along  evil  lines,  developed  decidedly  in  the 
direction  of  a  grosser  polytheism,  and  at  the  same  time 
adapted  itself  to  Buddhistic  thought  by  putting  sacrifice 
further  into  the  background  and  inculcating  a  great  regard 
f(;r  animal  lile. 

One    of    the    main     features    of    this    j)eriod,    with    its 
330,oc)<:).ooo  divinities  of  sorts,  is  the  triad  of  gods  (or   7V/- 
f/nir/i),    /yra/imd,    I'tshftu,   .S7//iV7.  represented  as  the   mani- 
festation  of  the  great  original  IT  or  Ihahm.     The  sacred 
monosyllable   Om,  whose   proper    utterance    is   supposed  to 
secure  marvellous  results,  is  made  up  of  the  letters rei)resent- 
ing  these  three  names.     />;v7//;//</ attracted  few  followers,  and 
\'ishnu  lx.'came  the  more  popular  of  the  remaining  two.     A 
second   new   and   conspicuous   feature   was   the   doctrine  of 
incarnation"-.     Ten  incarnations,  all  of  Vishnu,  are  u.sually 
recognized.       The    seventh,    eighth    and    ninth    were    Ram 
'  hand) a,  the  hero  of  the  Rdmayana,  Krishna,  the  hero  ot 
he   Mdhiibhiinita,    and   especially   of    the   Bhiii^avada   i.ita, 
A\(\  Buddha,  skillfully  ado])ted  as  a  compromise  with  Budd- 
hism.    The  tenth,  yet  to  come,  is.  most  significantly,  to  be 
a  .s/;//<'i5  incarnation,  is  to  be  born  of  a  virgin,  and,  riding 
>n   a   white  horse,   is  to  destroy  all    the    wicked   with   his 
Mazing  sword.     The  source  of  this  striking  conception  can 
lardly  l:>e  (questioned,  if  the  Scripture  accounts  of  the  first 
md   second    Advents   be    in   imagination  run  together.     A 
liird    feature    was    the    introduction    of  hliakti,   or  adoring 
vorship  of  divinity,  as  an  alternative  spiritual  "path."  thus 
i.lding  the  hhakti-fniUx  to  the  /fiihui  of  the  Philo-sojihic  and 
he   karmd    of  the    Brahmanic   ])eriod.     The    most    pojnilar 
•bject  of  this  bhnkti  was  Krishna  (it   is  in  the   Bluigavada 
.ita   that  bhakti  first  appears),  and  it  was  partly  at  least 
wing  to  the  evil  character  of  that  incarnation  that  a  thought 
()  true  soon  iKcame  low  and  gro.ss. i     A   fourth  feature  of 
his  period  is  the  idea  (which  Dr.  Mitchell  traces  to  200  B.C.) 
•  t  .sacred  ])laces,  e.specially  rivers,  and  of  i)ilgrimages  thereto. 
hirst    the    Indus,    then    the    Saraswati.    then    the    Ganges: 
among  cities,  Pryag  (Allahabad).  Kiishi  (  B.enares\  Dwarka, 
I'.indraban:     these    are    a    few    of   the    hundreds    of  lirlhns 


•  Thlw  doctrine  U  iiometline»»  tmced  to  Huddhint  influeocr  ("Hinduism  Vm^X 
Hid  Prmtnt."  p  mj).  hut  It  ih  n  qur^tloii  whether  it  mnv  not  have  «»ern  ^imply  « 
t^iote»«iiic  ni.inifr>»t«tlon  of  B  deep  I v in k  truth,  possibly  a  truth  learned  In  part 
ttoni  Christian  nources. 

t  See  ••  Hindulnm  :  Pnut  and  Pre»»ent."  p.  m6  ff.  It  i*  to  t>e  noted  that  the 
>tshHa  of  the  flh.igaf.id  Gita  \%  ii  vantly  higher  conception  than  the  h'ftskma  of 
le  rest  of  the  .V.iA.7/>A.i»a/a  and  of  the  Pu*.inas. 


THE    MISSIONS    IN    INDIA  IJ 

(sacred  places;  whicli  gradually  came  into  ])romiiience  as 
merit  bestowing;  j)oiiits  of  pilgrimage.  One  other  character- 
istic demands  reluctant  notice — the  .Sa/v7/- worship  of  the 
Tdutras.  Sakti  means  power,  the  power  of  the  gods,  per- 
sonalized as  the  wives  of  the  gods,  especially  of  the  great 
triad.  The  rites  connected  with  this  worship,  especially 
among  the  "  left-hand  "  devotees,  are  obscene  and  horrible 
beyond  belief.  "'^ 

5.  MoDKRN  Hinduism  (1800-).  — The  outlining  of 
the  previous  periods  has  been  worth  while  mainly  because 
modern  Hinduism  is  simply  a  composite  of  all  these  periods, 
with  the  possible  exception  of  the  first.  Almost  everything 
that  ever  has  been,  still  is.  The  Brahman  still  makes  the 
extravagant  claims  of  the  Hrahmanic  period,  and  the  people 
bow  in  submission  ;  the  educated  classes  still  hold  to  the 
philosophies  of  the  Darsanas,  and  the  masses  still  delight  in 
the  stories  of  the  Epics  and  Purdnas,  and  grovel  before  the 
divinities  they  celebrate.  Dr.  Mitchell  well  says  ("Hin- 
duism," p.  HV) ): 

As  to  belief,  Hiiuluisni  includes  a  quasi-nionolheisin,  pantlicism, 
polythcistn,  polydenionisni,  and  atheism,  or  at  least  ajjnosticisni.  As 
to  Ivor  ship,  it  includes  meditation  on  Rrahm,  the  One,  the  All  — with- 
out external  rites  or  mental  homage — imaj^c-worship,  fetish-worship, 
ghost-worship  and  demon- worship.  But,  again,  a  man  may  be  a  good 
Hindu,  who  avows  no  belief  at  all,  provided  he  pays  respect  to  Brah- 
mans,  does  no  injury  to  cows,  and  observes  with  scrupulous  care  the 
rules  and  customs  of  his  caste. 

This  may  well  be  supplemented  by  a  quotation  from 
Guru  Prasad  Sen's  "Introduction  to  the  Study  of  Hindu- 
ism" (pp.  a,  3)  : 

Hinduism  is  not,  and  has  never  been,  a  religious  organization. 
It  is  a  pure  social  system,  imposing  on  those  wlio  are  Hindus  the 
observance  of  certain  social  forms,  and  not  the  profession  of  particular 
religious  beliefs.  It  is  perfectly  optional  with  a  Hindu  to  choose  from 
any  one  of  the  ditTercnt  religious  creeds  with  which  the  Slulstras 
abound;  he  may  choose  to  have  a  faith  and  a  creed,  if  he  wants  a 
creed,  or  to  do  without  one.  He  may  be  an  atheist,  a  deist,  a  uiono- 
theist,  or  a  polytheist.  a  believer  in  the  Vedas  or  SliAstras,  or  a  sceptic 
as  regards  their  autlu)rity,  and  his  position  as  a  Hindu  cannot  be 
questioned  by  anybody  because  of  his  beliefs  or  unbeliefs  sc  long  as 
he  conforms  to  social  rules. 

In  all  this  diversity,  however,  two  general  trends  of 
religious  thought — not  infrec^uently  found,  strangely  enough, 
in  the  same  person — may  be  traced  :  Among  the  more  intel- 

•  Ibid,  p.  136  ff. 


1 8  HISTORICAL    SKETCH    OF 

ligent  the  pantheistic  philosophy  of  the  Upa7iishads,  espe- 
cially the  Vedanta,  is  uppermost,  with  a  constant  tendency 
to  diverge  in  one  of  three  directions — polytheism,  agnos- 
ticism or  theism  ;  among  the  ignorant,  polytheism  is  upper- 
most, with  an  invariable  pantheistic  tendency.  Pantheism, 
with  its  corollary  in  the  transmigration  of  souls,  is  thus 
common  to  all.  This  as  a  creed,  caste  as  a  social  system, 
and  grossest  idolatry  as  the  commonest  expression  of  the 
religious  instinct,  constitute  the  real  Triad  of  Hinduism 
to-day. 

V.  Reform  Movements  from  within  Hinduism.— 
Buddhism  might  in  a  sense  be  called  the  first  of  these.  The 
system  preached  by  the  great  Shankara  Acharya  of  the 
eighth  century  might  be  another  candidate  for  a  place  in 
this  category,  except  that  it  was  after  all  but  a  re-statement 
of  the  philosophy  of  the  Vedanta  Darsana.  Probably  the 
first  place  rightly  belongs  to 

1.  Aa/7/>.— He  flourished  early  in  the  fifteenth  century, 
lived  in  or  near  Benares,  and,  influenced  largely  by  Moham- 
medanism, proclaimed  a  modified  pantheism  that  came  very 
near  to  monotheism.  His  verses,  pointed,  suggestive  and 
often  full  of  truth,  are  popular  all  over  northern  India  to 
this  day.     Says  Dr.  Mitchell  ("  Hinduism,''  etc.,  p.  156)  : 

In  many  respects  Kabirism  departs  widely  from  Hinduism.  It 
rejects  caste,  denounces  Brahmanical  arroj^ance  and  hypocrisy,  and 
ridicules  the  vShastras.  Idolatry  is  sinful.  The  temple  is  only  a  place 
for  men  to  pray  in.  Renunciation  of  the  world  and  contemplation 
are  enjoined.  The  system  runs  easily  into  quietism  and  mysticism. 
One  noble  characteristic  of  it  is  the  inculcation  of  moral  purity  ; 
while  of  ceremonial  purity  and  outward  forms  of  worship  it  takes 
little  or  no  account.  It  looks  on  life  as  almost  sacred,  and  inculcates 
universal  kindness— in  this  respect  reminding  us  of  Buddhism. 

Kabir's  followers  are  called  k'abhpantJus  {panth  means 
path  );  and  while  they  are  fairly  numerous  in  West  Central 
and  North  Central  India  (213,909  in  the  United  Provinces 
in  1901).  they  have  so  largely  conformed  to  Hinduism,  at 
least  in  all  outward  forms,  that  they  are  classed  simply  as  a 
Hindu  sect. 

2.  Sikhisvi. — A  more  radical  movement  on  lines  similar 
to  Kabir's  was  led  a  century  later  by  Xanak  Shah,  a  Hindu 
from  near  Lahore.  His  evident  aim  was  to  coml)ine  Hin- 
duism with  the  tenets  of  Islam — with  naturally  unsatisfac- 
tory results.  The  creed  of  the  Sikhs  ("disciples")  has 
been  described  both  as  deism  and  pantheism  :    it  certainly  is 


THE    MISSIONS    IN    INDIA  I9 

not  monotheism.  Their  sacred  book,  compiled  mainly  by 
Guru  ^(teacher)  Arjun,  fifth  in  succession  to  Nanak,  is  called 
the  Adi-Granth  ("the  basal  book"),  and  has,  in  the  course 
of  the  centuries,  been  deified— is  in  fact  their  distinctive 
object  of  worship  at  the  present  day.  Had  it  not  been  for 
persecution  by  the  Mohammedans  (especially  Aurangzeb) 
and  consequent  development  into  a  great  political  and  mili- 
tary power,  Sikhism  would  probably  have  long  ago  faded 
away.  As  it  is,  it  numbers  more  than  two  million  adherents, 
mainly  in  the  Panjab.  The  Sikhs  are,  however,  more  and 
more  remerging  in  Hinduism,  so  much  so  that  the  census  of 
1 89 1  says  : 

The  only  trustworthy  method  of  distinguishing  this  creed  was 
to  ask  if  the  person  in  question  repudiated  the  services  of  the  barber 
and  the  tobacconist ;  for  the  precepts  most  strictly  enforced  nowadays 
are  that  the  hair  of  the  head   and  face  must  never  be  cut,  and  that 

smoking  is  a  habit  to  be  absolutely  avoided Not  only  is  a  true 

Sikh  generally  called  a  Hindu  in  common  parlance,  but  manv  of  those 
who  are  spoken  of  as  Sikhs  are  not  true  Sikhs,  but  Hindus. 

3.  The  Brahmo  Savidf-. — Its  founder,  Ram  Mohan  Roy, 
a  Brahman  of  Bengal,  beginning  with  a  strong  antipathy  to 
idolatry t,  passing  through  a  period  of  Vedantism,  and 
finally,  through  contact  with  Christianity  and  the  Scriptures, 
reaching  a  definite  theistic  belief,  organized  the  Brahmo 
Sa7mij\  and  in  1830  opened  the  first  Hindu  Theistic  church. 
He  went  to  England  in  1831  and  died  there  in  1833.  He 
was  followed  by  Dabendra  Nath  Tagore,  under  whose 
leadership  the  Samaj  in  1850  definitely  rejected  the  infalli- 
bility of  the  Vedas. 

In  1857  Mr.  Tagore  was  joined  by  the  famous  Keshab 
Chandar  Sen,  '  *  whose  religious  views,  as  we  heard  from  his 
own  lips,"  says  Dr.  Mitchell,  "were  drawn  in  the  first 
instance  from  the  Bible  and  from  the  writings  of  Dr.  Chal- 
mers" t-  For  a  while  the  two  leaders  worked  cordially 
together,  but  Tagore' s  ideas  were  more  or  less  reactionary, 
while  the  younger  man  was  eagerly  progressive  and  seemed 
to  be  drawing  nearer  to  Christianity:  so  that  in  1866, 
Mr.  Sen  and  his  friends  separated  themselves  and  formed 
the  ' '  Brahmo  Samaj  of  India, ' '  the  older  branch  being 
known  as  the  ' '  Adi  (original)  Brahmo  Samaj . ' '  Another 
split  occurred  in  1878,  when  as  the  result  of  controversies 
growing    out   of    the    marriage    of    Mr.    Sen's    under-age 

*  Samaj  simxily  means  an  association. 

t  Under  the  influence,  it  has  been  suggested  by  some,  of  the  teachings  of  Islam. 

X  "Hinduism,"  etc.,  p.  217. 


20  HISTORICAL   SKKTCH    OP 

daughter  to  the  Mahdrdjd  of  Kiicli  Hehar  uvho  was  not  a 
Hrahmo).  twotliirds  of  his  followers,  incliuling  some  of  the 
Ixrst  men  in  the  Samaj  witlulrew  and  formed  the  SaJharan 
(Universid)  Stim.i/,  leaving  their  former  leader  to  call  him- 
self and  his  remaining  adherents  "The  New  I)is|>ensation.**' 
On  Mr.  Sen  s  death  in  18S4,  Mr.  P.  C.  Mo/.nmdar,  not 
without  protest  from  the  "twelve  apostles"  whom  the 
former  had  appointed,  succeeded  to  tlie  leadership  of  the 
"  Church  of  the  New  Dispensation."  and  has  since  l)een  the 
best  known  exponent  of  Ikahmoism. 

To  accurately  characterize  this  movement  is  very  diffi- 
cult. Mr.  Sen  made  much  of  the  distinctly  Christian  doc- 
trines of  the  Fatherhood  of  G«j(1  and  the  brotherhood  of 
man.  and  he  once  used  the  remarkable  words,  "  None  but 
Jesus,  none  but  Jesus  deserves  this  precious  diadem,  India  : 
and  none  but  Jesus  .shall  have  it."  But  at  the  same  time 
he  declared  all  religions  to  be  true,  and  ended  by  claiming 
distinct  in.spiraticm  for  himself  and  introducing  all  sorts  of 
extravagances  both  of  doctrine  and  ceremonial.  The  most 
that  can  Ix;  said  for  Brahmoi.sm  is  that  it  is  a  theistic  eclecti- 
cism, and  constitutes  a  va.st  advance  on  orthodox  Hinduism, 
in  matters  social  as  well  as  religiousf.  What  with  its  lack 
of  definite  l^liefs,  and  its  endless  sub-divisions,  it  is  no 
wonder  that  it  is  making  small  progress,  passing  only  from 
3,051  in  1 89 1  to  just  over  4.000  in  1901. 

4.  T/if  Ana  Samdj.—VWQvXy  different  in  many  respects 
from  the  preceding  is  the  movement  staned  in  1863  and 
formally  organized  in  1875  by  a  Hrahman  from  Kathiawdr 
(born  1827),  who,  after  his  initiation  as  a  Sanydsi  Hlindu 
ascetic),  was  known  as  Daydnand  Saraswati.  and  who  l)efore 
his  death  in  1883  had  gained  a  large  following.  The 
leading  tenets  of  the  sect  he  established  aret  :  i .  The  four 
Vedas  alone,  and  of  them  only  the  Sanhitas  or  Hymns,  are 
inspired.  2.  There  are  three  eternal  substances— (»<kI, 
Spirit  and  Matter.  3.  The  soul  is  incor|K)real.  but  is  always 
I>erfectly  distinct  from  (kkI.  4.  The  soul  is  subject  to  re- 
birth, which  may  l)e  in  the  form  of  a  human  iK-ing  or  an 
animal  or  a  vegetable.  5.  "  Salvation  is  the  state  of  eman- 
ci|)ation  from  pain  and  from  subjection  to  birth  and  death, 
and  of  life,  lilx-rty  and  hajipiness  in  the  immensity  of  God." 

•  IB  •  letter  to  Mas  MQIIer  hrdo^rlbr*  U  ••'•■  new  HliidiiiBm  which  oomhiBCS 
Koaro  ""■'  '■*'^"  ""  '  '  •"  "•■"  i*hriM»«nUjr  which  bleoda  togethrr  At>oMoltc«l 
r»iih  nil  rnc«  ••  ..  -. 

t  F  -r  •■  HindnUni      fast  and  I*r<»ent."  |».  «ti  ffl; 

•Uo  Mu; ...  ..^.    ;      .  uf  IndU."  p.  143  ■" 

:  Taken  mainly  Iron*  VoJ.  .\V1.  of  the  Cennaii  of  India.  1901. 


THE    MISSIONS    IN    INDIA  21 

To  the  credit  of  the  Arya  Samaj  it  is  to  be  noted  that  it 
is  opposed  to  caste,  to  idolatry,  to  child-marriage,  to  lavish 
expenditure  at  weddings  and  to  pilgrimages  :  all  of  which 
points  are  unfortunately  to  be  discounted  by  the  fact  that 
much  of  this  opp<3sition.  especially  as  to  caste,  is  theoretical 
only.  The  positive  weaknesses  in  it  are  tliat  it  is  practically 
deistic  rather  than  theistic  ;  that  it  is  utterly  illogical,  Ix'ing 
based  on  the  most  fanciful  and  pre])osterous  inter[)retation 
of  the  X'edas:- — Sanskritists  of  a/iv  faith  l)eing  the  judges  ; 
that  its  advocates  have  in  their  discussions  been  largely 
marked  by  a  spirit  of  conceit,  narrowness,  bigotry  and  bitter- 
ness seldom  surpassed  ;  and  that  they  have  devoted  their 
strength  to  attacking  Christianity  rather  than  the  errors  of 
Hinduism,  the  correction   of  which   is  their  avowed  raison 

The  growth  of  the  Aryas  has  been  remarkable,  especially 
in  their  stronghold,  the  North-west  Provinces,'  where  in 
the  decade  1S91  to  1901  an  increase  of  196  per  cent,  was 
recorded — the  increase  in  native  Christians  within  the  same 
limits  being  just  under  199  per  cent.  The  explanation  is 
probably  to  be  found  partly  in  the  aggressive  activity  of 
their  i)ropaganda  ;  partly  in  their  imitation  of  Christian 
methods,  not  only  in  the  use  of  tracts  and  ]\ii(l  and  volun- 
tary preachers,  but  in  the  establishment  of  schools,  orphan- 
ages and  colleges}  ;  and  partly  in  the  fact  that  while 
reforming  certain  abuses  of  Hinduism  of  which  intelligent 
Hindus  themselves  are  ashamed,  they  still  appeal  to  Hindu 
pride  in  that  they  retain  the  old  philosophy  and  cosmogony 
and  the  doctrine  of  the  inspiration  of  at  least  a  portion  of 
the  Vedas.  Their  progress  is  in  spite  of  division  ;  for  strife 
has  waxed  fierce  between  the  consei"vatives,  or  vegetarians, 
and  the  liberals,  or  meat-eaters>5.  In  any  case  thev  are  a 
force  to  be  reckoned  with  in  the  present  missionary  situation. 
It  will  take  all  the  wisdom  of  Christian  workers  to  meet 
their  sophistries,  all  their  gentleness  to  meet  their  exasper- 
ating tactics. 

5  Thcosophy.  How  far  this  can  l)e  called  a  reform 
movement  is  open  to  (juestion.  Of  its  po]nilarity  under  its 
present  high-priestess  and  interpreter,   Mrs.   Annie  Besant, 

•  The  Aryiia  cUim  lh»t  the  Vedaii  are  the  repositories  of  all  knowledxv.aecuUr 
an  well  at  religious:  they  read  iato  them  the  telegraph,  the  ftteain-etiKiae,  and 
even  the  X-ray*  ' 

♦  Now  more  sircursteW  re-nante<i  the  "I'nited  !*rovlncr»  of  Ajfra  and  Oudh  " 

:  They  hA   '  i:e«  at  Bareilly.  CawDt>ore  nnd  Allahabad,  a   Hieh  School 

■  IMrrriit.a*  'lore.  and  a  number  of  <icattered  achoolt*  of  lower  fcrade, 
inclU'iinK  a  ',• 

t  Ckiisfi  ■!)  irra-vHiea"  and  "fleshicA* )  they  derlslvclv  rail  e.nch  other  • 


22  HISTORICAL    SKETCH    OF 

there  is  no  doiiht.  It  may  be  called  Hindu  Pantheism  Up 
to  Date,  or  the  six  systems  based  on  the  I'panishads,  the 
Yoga  is  its  prototype.  It  differs  from  the  \'ed»'inta  in  that 
the  latter  rejects  tlie  external  universe  as  illusion  '  miivti), 
while  Theosophy  re^^ards  it  as  the  manifestation  of  the  Uni- 
versal Soul,  just  as  the  body  is  the  manifestation  of  the 
individual  soul.  The  great  goal  is  the  a])prehension  of  the 
identity  of  the  individual  self  with  the  World-Self.  Of  the 
latter  Mrs.  Hesant  says  :  * 

Theosophy  postulates  the  existence  of  an  eternal  Principle,  known 
only  through  its  ctTects.  No  words  can  describe  It,  for  words  imply 
discriniinalions,  and  This  is  Al.L.  We  murmur,  Absolute,  Infinite, 
Unconditioned, — but  the  words  mean  naught.  Sat.  the  Wise  speak 
of:  Bk-ness,  not  ev?n  Being  nor  Existence. 

Transmigration  of  souls  is  one  of  the  postulates.  Of  the 
post-tuortevi  self  she  says:  ("The  desire  for  sentient  life, 
for  objective  expression,  that  desire  which  set  the  Universe 
a-building,  impels  the  Kgo  to  seek  renewed  manifestation  : 
it  is  drawn  to  the  surroundings  which  its  own  past  has 
made  necessary  for  its  further  progress." 

To  the  modified  Yoga  system  modern  Theosophy  has 
added,  among  other  things,  a  most  thorough-going  applica- 
tion of  the  doctrine  of  evolution,  and  as  thorough-going  an 
ada])tation  of  the  essentially  Christian  doctrine*— not  even 
hinted  at  in  the  Upanishads — of  the  Fatherhood  of  God  and 
the  Brotherhood  of  man.t;  To  the  skilful  use  of  these  bor- 
rowed features,  combined  with  a  whole-souled  adulation  of 
everything  Indian  (including  even  idolatry,  as  a  kind  of 
kindergarten),  is  largely  due  the  popularity  of  this  cult — a 
popularity  which  has  found  marked  manifestation  in  the 
establishment  of  a  Hindu  College  at  Henares. 

Doubt  as  to  the  reality  or  permanence  of  this  reform,  if 
reform  it  can  Ix;  called,  is  deej^ned  by  the  fact  that  the  writ- 
ings of  .Madame  lilavalsky.  whose  gross  imi)ositions  in  con- 
nection with  the  magical  side  of  Theosoi>hy  were  shown  up 
in  1884  by  the  Madras  '*  Christian  College  Magazine. ">i  are 
accepted! I  as  a  part  of  the  authoritative  basis  of  Indian  The- 
osophy. 

V.  MoHAM.MEDANiSM  or  Isi.  \M,*  the  religion  of  sixty- 
two  millions  of  the  inhabitants  of  India,  is  an  eclectic  sys- 

•  "  RcliKiout  STNtcmii  of  the  World  .*•  p.  f^43. 

t  n)Jd.  p    '.4V 

:  Srr  p«iK'r  bv  Dr.  A.  H.  Kwinji,  lead  txrfore  North  India  Conference  of  ChrU- 
tian  Workem.  1<K)2 

y  Srr  «1ho  c.nrretf  i«  "  \%\*  Very  .Much  I'nx'eUed." 

I  •The  Srlf  and  \\*  Sheathn."  p.  3 

*.So-ciillcd  after  \K»  chJefdiily.  tfittnatxon  to  Alla>t  Much  of  thr  foUowmg 
aketch  in  taken  from  Dr.  rhilip  SchafT  iSchafT-Heriog  Kncyclopre^dia). 


THK    MISSIONS    IN    INDIA  23 

tein.  originally  composed  of  Jewish,  heathen  and  Christian 
elements,  which  were  scattered  through  Arabia  l>efore  Mo- 
hammed. It  borrowed  monotheism  and  many  rites  Ce.  g. 
circumcisionj  and  ceremonies  from  the  Jews.  Professedly  a 
restoration  of  the  faith  of  Abraham,  it  traces  its  line  tlirough 
Ishmael.  In  relation  to  Christianity  it  might  Ixf  styled  the 
great  Unitarian  heresy  of  the  ICast.  Christ  is  acknowledged 
as  the  greatest  prophet  next  to  Mohamme<l,  whose  coining 
he  is  claimed  to  have  predicted  when  he  promised  the  Para- 
clete. His  birth  from  a  virgin  is  acknowledged,  as  also  his 
second  coming  to  judge  the  earth;  but  tlie  doctrine  of  his 
divinity  is  regarded  as  blasphemy -still  more  the  doctrine  of 
the  Trinity.  The  inspiration  of  the  Pentateuch,  of  the 
Psalms,  and  of  the  (losj^ls,  is  admitted;  with  these  two 
(pialifications,  that  all  have  been  superseded  by  the  Ouran, 
and  that  the  Gospels  have  been  largely  interpolated  by 
Christians.  The  crucifixion  is  rejected.  It  is  held  that 
Christ  was  caught  up  alive  into  the  fourth  heaven  after  his 
arrest,  and  that  someone — probably  Judas — was  crucified  in 
his  place.  The  Christian  elements  in  the  (Juran  are  obvi- 
ously taken  from  apocry]>hal  sources,  not  from  the  Gospels. 
With  these  inaccurate  Jewish  and  Christian  traditions  Mo- 
hammed mingled,  with  some  modifications,  heathen  sensual- 
ity, polygamy,  slavery,  and  even  an  approach  to  heathen 
idolatry  in  the  superstitious  veneration  of  the  famous  black 
stone  in  the  Kaaba  at  Mecca. 

Starting  with  the  fundamental  iloctrine,  "There  is  nt) 
God  i)ut  Allah,  and  Mohammed  is  his  j)rophet,"  Islam  has 
six  articles  of  faith. — God.  fatalism  (under  the  guise  of  pre- 
destination), angels,  sacred  books  (especially  the  Ourdn). 
prophets,  resurrection  and  judgment  (w'nh  eternal  reward 
and  punishment".  Absolute  submission  to  Allah's  will  is 
the  first  duty  of  the  Moslem.  Prayer,  fasting,  almsgiving 
and  pilgrimages  are  enjoined.  Not  onl>  ]>olygamy.  but 
concubinage,  is  permitted,  ordinary  Moslems  being  restricted 
to  four  wives,  pashas  and  sultans  being  allowed  as  many  as 
they  please."  Believers  are  promised  a  sensual  paradise, 
with  special  rewards  for  those  who  die  fighting  for  the 
faith. 

The  Mohammedan  era  dates  from  the  Hegira  (more  cor- 
rectly, Hijrah  I,  July  15th,  622  A.  D.,  when  Mohammed  fled 
for  his  life  from  Mecca  to  Medina.  Beginning  as  a  poor 
caravan -attendant,   or  camel-driver,   and   marr>'ing   in    his 


The  prophet  hiini(«irbad  fourteen  t\  ives,  besides  concubines. 


24  HISTORICAL   SKETCH    Oh' 

twenty-fifth  year  the  rich  widow  Khadijah,  he  received  at 
the  age  of  forty-two  (A.  D.  612)  what  he  believed  to  be  his 
divine  call,  through  Gabriel,  to  the  prophetic  office.  He 
had  but  little  success  in  securing  adherents  until  the  perse- 
cution he  provoked  compelled  him  to  flee  to  Medina.  There 
he  was  accepted  as  the  prophet  of  God,  took  the  field  with 
an  ever-increasing  army  of  followers,  and  eight  years  later 
entered  Mecca  in  triumph.  Of  the  sincerity  of  his  original 
purposes  there  can  be  little  question.  He  was  a  zealous  re- 
former; a  morbid  imagination,  combined  with  the  seeming 
need  of  supernatural  sanction  for  his  reforms,  did  the  rest. 
Then  with  success  came  ambition,  with  power  came  sensual 
passion.  The  reformer  of  Mecca  became  the  conquest- 
seeking  autocrat  of  Medina. 

The  Quran  Mohammed  professed  to  have  received  from 
Gabriel  piece  by  piece.  A  year  after  his  death  his  amanu- 
ensis, Zaid,  collected  the  scattered  fragments  "from  palm 
leaves,  and  tablets  of  white  stone,  and  from  the  breasts  of 
men."  The  6,225  verses  are  arranged  in  114  Suras,  and  re- 
motely resemble  Hebrew  poetry.  It  contains  injunctions 
and  warnings,  interspersed  with  narratives  about  Adam, 
Noah,  Moses,  Abraham,  Ishmael,  John  the  Baptist,  Jesus 
and  many  others.  It  abounds  in  historical  blunders  and 
tedious  repetitions,  but  has  also  passages  of  great  poetic 
beauty.  It  is  pointed  to  as  Mohammed's  one  and  conclusive 
miracle,  though  he  is  also  sometimes  credited  with  having 
cut  in  two  the  moon  and  then  restored  it. 

There  can  be  little  doubt  that  the  spread  of  Islam  in 
India  was  mainly  due  to  the  power  of  the  sword,  especially 
during  and  after  the  reign  of  Aurangzeb.  Tippoo  Sahib, 
for  instance,  Sultan  of  Mysore,  secured  70,000  "  converts  " 
in  a  single  day.  At  the  same  time,  other  motives  than  fear, 
some  of  them  not  more  worthy,  have  contributed  their  quota. 
The  resultant  Mohammedanism  bears  the  marks  of  its  mixed 
ancestry  and  its  Hindu  environment.  Tlie  account  in  the 
census  of  India  for  \)i  (v.  16S)  is  instructive  : 

Shiah  andSuiini*  joined  issue  without  recourse  to  arms.  The 
^'ood  men  amongst  tlie  teachers  (the  Islami/ed  Hindus)  received 
divine  honors  as  if  thev  had  never  left  the  Hrahmanic  fohl;  and  in 
default  of  the  pil^rima^e  to  Mecca,  whirh  was  beyond  the  reach  of 
the  majority,  resort  was  had  to  the  tom])S  of  the  canoni/ed,  where 
fruit  and  flowers  are  olTcrcd,  as  to  one  of  the  orthodox  pantjieon,  and 


•The  Shfahs.  who  are  jrreatly  in  the  minority  in  Iiuha  (in  f«ct  everywhere 
except  in  Persia)  maintain  that  .Mi .  son  in  law  of  Mohammed,  was  his  first  l«'KHi- 
mate  successor,  and  so  reject  the  first  three  Caliphs  accepted  by  the  Sunnis.  Ordi- 
narily the  strife  between  the  two  sects  is  hitter  to  a  degree. 


THE    MISSIONS    IN    INDIA  25 

often  by  Hindu  and  Moslem  alike  !  Saints  are  the  special  feature 
of  the  Indian  development  of  Islam,  and  the  worship  of  relics  follows. 
In  some  places  there  is  a  hair  or  two.  in  others  a  slipper,  elsewhere  a 
foot-print,  of  the  Prophet,  to  which  the  devout  pay  homage,  and  are 
rewarded  by  miracles.  Even  where  the  two  religions  do  not  partici- 
pate in  the  same  festival,  the  more  simple  has  borrowed  for  Indian 
use  some  of  the  attributes  of  the  more  elaborate,  as  in  the  case  of 
the  procession  of  paper  tombs  at  the  Muharram*,  and  the  subsequent 
dipping  of  the  imitation  fabrics  in  water,  as  in  the  Durga  Puiat  of 
Bengal. 

At  the  opposite  extreme  from  the  conservative  though 
somewhat  Hinduized  majority,  there  is  a  small  but  influ- 
ential progressive  party  formed  by  the  late  Sir  Saiyad 
Ahmad  Khan,  and  finding  its  best  expression  in  the  splendid 
college  founded  by  him  at  Aligarh.  The  important  conces- 
sions made  by  this  party  are  the  recognition  of  reason  as 
having  a  place  in  the  interpretation  of  the  Quran,  and  the 
rejection  of  the^  great  mass  of  Moslem  tradition 

Viewing  Islam  in  India  as  a  whole,  the  closing  sentence 
of  Mr.  Tisdall's  able  chapter  on  this  theme  {''  hidia,  lis 
History,''  etc.,  p.  77,  ff.)  compels  assent  : 

In  spite  of  its  many  half  truths,  the  existence  of  which  we  mis- 
sionaries thankfully  acknowledge,  and  upon  which  we  base  our  at- 
tempts to  induce  Moslems  to  accept  the  full  li^lit  of  the  Gospel,  it  is 
not  too  much  to  say  that,  in  the  life  and  character  of  its  Founder,  the 
"  Chosen  ''  of  God,  and  His  ideal  for  the  human  race  (as  held  by  Mos- 
lems), Islam  has  preserved  an  enduring  and  ever  active  principle  of 
corruption,  degradation  and  decay. 


CHRISTIANITY  IX   INDIA. 
Missionary  Bec;innin(;s. 

The  earliest  known  Christian  missionary  to  India,  sent 
apparently  at  the  request  of  certain  Indian'  merchants,  al- 
ready Christians,  was  Pantaenus,  the  Principal  of  the  Chris- 
tian College  at  Alexandria  (about  A.  D.  iSoi.  Theophilus 
Indicus,  paying  a  passing  visit  to  India  in  Constantine's 
time  "found  a  flourishing  Christian  Church;  and  among 
the  Bishops  at  the  Nicene  Council  (A.  D.  325)  was  John, 
the  Metropolitan  of  Persia  and  '  of  the  Great  India.'  "  Of 
the  further  history  of  these  Christians,  and  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  movement   later   on,   Rev.  J.  A.  Graham,  in   his 

*  A  great  Mohammedan  festival,  which  with  the  Shiahs  is  a  memorial  of  the 
death  of  their  martyrs,  Hasan  and   Hussain,  whose  tombs  thev  carry  in  effiKv 

t  Durga  V\\]A  is  the  great  Hindu  festival  in  honor  of  Durgcl  or  Kk\\  the  cruel 
wife  of  Shiva.  " 


26  HISTORICAL    SKKTCH    UV 

"Missionary  Kxpansion  of  the  Reformed  Churches,"  says 
(pp.  1 02,  103)  : 

Later  they  came  under  the  inlluencc  «>f  llic  Nestorian  Church  of 
Tersia,  and  when  it  was  destroyed  by  the  Moliauuncdati  conquest,  the 
isohilcd  Churrh  in  India  grew  ij^norant  and  impure.  Vasco  da  Gama 
found  these  Christians  enjoying  much  ])olitical  inHucnce,  and  the 
Portu>^uese,  in  cxtenrhn^  their  dominions  from  Goa  alon^  the  west 
coast,  tried  to  force  them  into  ecclesiastical  subjection  to  Rome. 
With  the  help  of  the  Infjuisition  they  succeeded  for  a  time  with  the 
communities  in  the  coast  villavjes.  and  these,  numberin>»  perhaps 
150,000*  are  still  known  as  Syro  Romati  Christians.  Claudius  Bu- 
chanan, who  visited  those  who  still  adhered  to  the  Syrian  Church  and 
looked  to  Antioch  as  their  centre,  i)ersuadcd  them  to  Irai.slate  the 
<TOspcls  into  their  Malayan  vernacular,  and  at  his  suggestion  the 
Church  Missionary  Society  sent  missionaries  in  1.S16  to  encouraj^e  the 
Church  and  aid  it  to  reform  itself.  The  alliance,  which  lasted  for 
twentv-onc  vears.  had  ^ood  results,  and  there  is  now  a  considerable 
partv  of  reform  within  a  Church  of  2<«o,ooo"  (248,737  in  census  of 
1901 ). 

Of  the  work  of  the  Romish  Church,  to  which  the  census 
of  1901  j;ives  1.122.27S  adherents,  the  same  author  says 
(p.  103) 

The  best  trailitions  of  Roman  Catholic  Missions  cluster  around 
the  name  of  the  ^reat  and  devoted  Jesuit,  Francis  Xavier,  who  landed 
at  Goa  in  1542,  and  of  whom  Bishop  Cotton  wrote  to  Dean  Stanley: 
"  While  he  deserves  the  title  of  the  Apostle  of  India  for  his  enerj^y, 
self-SHcril'ice.  and  piety,  I  consider  his  whole  method  thorouj^hly  wrong, 
and  its  results  in  India  and  Ceylon  deplorable,  and  that  the  aspect  of 
the  Native  Christians  at  (.foa  and  elsewhere  shows  that  Romanism  has 
had  a  fair  trial  at  the  conversion  of  India,  and  has  entirely  failed  " 

In  this  connection  the  following  from  Mr.  Tisdall 
("  India  :    Its  History,"  etc.,  p.  i;;),  is  of  interest  : 

The  corrupt  and  merely  notninal  Chri«tianitv  of  many  of  these 
Roman  Catholics  often  brings  discredit  on  their  Christian  profession, 
and  is  the  main  reason  whv  Huropcans  tliiiik  they  have  grounds  for 
coiidemninv;  Christian  servants  as  often  more  dishonest  aufl  unscrupu- 
lous than  Hindu  and  MohHuimcdan  servants.  Comparatively  few  Pro- 
testant Christians  arc  to  be  found  as  the  servants  of  Ivuropcans. 

Of  Dutch  religious  enterprise,  which  began  soon  after 
the  overthrow  of  the  Portuguese  by  that  power  (Ceylon, 
1658,  India,  1663),  little  need  be  said,  except  that  the  work 
was  strangely  superficial,  no  earnest  attempt  l)eing  made  to 
bring  the  Hible  or  si)iritual  traching  within  the  reach  of  the 
people.  Though  more  than  half  a  million  converts  were 
reported  in  Ceylon  alone,  Protestant  Christianity  had  prac- 

*This  i<«  .nn  iiicxplicablr  unc1er-«iitim«tr.  Tot  the  c^mua  or  1901  Kives  322,663. 


THK    MISSIONS    IN    INDIA  2'] 

tically  ceased  to  exist  in  the   isUiiid  in  twelve  years    after 
the  Dutch  pcjwer  had  passed   (  1794J  from  control  ! 

To  Denmark  and  to  Frederick  IV..  under  the  influence  of 
Dr.  Liitkens,  the  court  chaplain,  belongs  the  honor  of  send- 
ing to  India  the  first  Protestant  missionaries,  Ziegenbalg  and 
Pliitschau,  who  reached  the  Danish  colony,  Tranquehar  ion 
the  Coromandel  Coast,  south  of  Madras  City;,  on  July  9, 
1706.  The  greatest  of  the  Danish-Halle  missionaries — and 
one  of  the  greatest  the  world  has  known — was  Christian  F. 
Schwartz,  whose  service  (Tramiuebar,  Trichinopoly  and 
Tan  jore),  extended  from  1750  to  his  death  in  179S.  "He 
was,"  says  Mr.  Graham,-^'  "  indefatigable  in  his  missionary 
tours,  and  wherever  he  went  his  devoted,  modest  and  unsel- 
fish life,  his  care  for  the  poor,  his  scholarshi])  and  knowl- 
edge of  the  native  languages  and  thought,  and  his  marvel- 
lous personal  influence  fascinated  luiropeans  and  Indians." 
In  illustration  of  his  influence  with  native  rulers  it  is  worth 
recording  that  the  Hindu  Rajah  of  Tanjore  on  his  death-bed 
entrusted  to  Schwartz  his  adopted  son  Serfojee,  with  the  ad- 
ministration of  all  the  affairs  of  his  country  :  and  that  the 
powerful  Mohammedan  Prince.  Haidar  All,  of  Mysore, 
when  treating  with  the  British  said:  "  Send  none  of  your 
agents  ;  send  me  the  Christian  missionary,  and  I  will 
receive  him." 

British  missions  in  India  began  with  William  Carey, 
"the  consecrated  cobbler.  '  Overflowing  with  enthusiasm 
for  the  cause  of  missions,  and  filling  his  brief  pastorates  at 
home  with  prayer  and  preaching  along  this  line,  he  finally. 
in  1792,  by  the  preaching  of  tlie  famous  sermon  on  Is. 
LIV  :  2,  3,  with  its  two-fold  division,  "  Ivxpect  great  things 
from  God:  attempt  great  things  for  God,"  brought  about 
the  organization  of  the  Baptist  Missionary  Association, 
and  himself  became  its  first  missionary.  Arriving  in 
India  T 17931  during  the  period  of  the  I^ast  India  Company's 
bitterest  opposition  to  missionary  enterprise,  he  spent  six 
years  in  Calcutta  and  Dinajpore  ostensibly  as  an  indigo- 
planter,  and  then  was  compelled  to  take  refuge,  together 
with  Marshnian  and  Ward,  who  had  been  sent  to  re-inforce 
him.  in  Serampore,  a  town  under  Danish  rule,  thirteen 
miles  north  of  Calcutta.  The  first  care  of  the  "  Serampore 
Triad  "  was  the  translation  and  printing  of  the  Scriptures. 
The  result  was  the  production  of  parts  or  the  whole  of  the 


•'*  Missionary  Bxpaosion,"  etc.,  p.  57. 


28  HISTORICAL   SKKTCH    OF 

Bible  in  nearly  fortv'^-  languages  and  dialects,  twenly-fuur 
of  them  of  India.'  Education,  too,  had  a  large  place 
in  their  work.  Not  only  were  vernacular  schools  estab- 
lished, but  out  of  the  earnings  of  the  missionaries  them- 
selves the  splendid  Serampore  College  was  built. 

Not  the  least  of  Carey's  services  was  the  missionary  fire 
which  he  kindled  outside  of  his  own  denomination.  The 
London  Missionary  Society,  founded  in  1795,  was  a  direct 
fruit  of  his  enthusiasm  ;  and  the  Church  Missionary  Society, 
now  the  greatest  in  the  world,  owed  its  inception  '  1 799)1' 
in  no  small  degree  tu  the  interest  he  aroused. 

The  "  Hay-.stack  prayer-meeting  '  at  Williamstown, 
Mass.,  did  for  the  United  States  very  much  what  the  work 
and  prayers  of  Carey  did  for  England,  and  bore  its  first 
manifest  fruit  in  the  organization  of  the  A.  B.  C.  F.  M.  in 
iSio,  and  then  in  the  departure  for  India  in  181  2  of  Judson, 
1 1  all.  Xott.  and  two  others.  Refused  the  right  of  residence  in 
Calcutta,  Judson,  who  had  meanwhile  become  a  Baptist, 
,ent  «m  to  Burmah.  while  Hall  and  Xott  began  the  great 
\ork  of  the  American  P.oard  in  the  region  of   Bombay. 

This  enumeration  of  ])eginnings  leading  up  to  the  establish- 
ment of  American  Presbyterian  Missions  would  not  be  com- 
plete without  mention  of  the  famous  Scottish  **  Educational 
Trio."  Duff,  Wilson,  and  Anderson.     The  last  two  founded 
nstitutions  in   Bombay  and  Madras  respectively,  following 
ines  laid  down   in   Calcutta  in    1S30  by  the  first.      Of  him 
Mr.  ( Graham  says  '    '  Missionary   Ivxpansion,"  etc.,  p.   113): 
Alexander    InilT  was   iljc  epoch-making  missionary,   who.  ihongh 
Nlouily  opposed  bv  the  use  and  prejudice  of  ihe  day  proved  that  the 
I'.n^ili'sh  language  was 'the  most  cUeclive  medium  of   Indian  illumina- 
tion."    *     *      •     »     *     He  opened  his  school  in  1S30  with  five  pupils. 
Hv  the  end  of  the  first  week   he    had  300   applicants    for  admission. 
N'ine  years  afterwards    the  five  had   become  Soo,  and  the  (Kuernor- 
t;eneral  declared  that  the  system  had  produced  "unparalleled  results." 
Notable  converts  were  won  from  the  ujipcr  classes,  among  them  Knsh 
na    Mohan    Hanerjee,  a  Brahman  of  high  social   position  and  the   ac- 
complished editor  of  the   /m/uirer,  who  was,   until    his  death  a    few 
vcars  ago,  the  recognized  leader  of  the  Native  Christian  community  of 
Hcngal.     /\n   idea  of  the  influence    of  this  work  may  be  foimcd  from 
Sherring's  statement    tliat  in   1S71    nine  of  Duff's  educated   converts 
were    ministers,  ten   were  catechists,   seventeen  were  professors    and 
higher  grade  teachers,  eight  were  Government  servants,  and  four  were 
assistant  surgeons  and  doctors.     One    of  them,  the  Hon.  Kali    Charan 
Hanerji.   LL.  B  .    was  i  1S97)  appointed  by  the  Senate  i>f  Calcutta  Ini- 
versity  as  their  representative  on  the  Bengal  Legislative  Council. 

•Dr.  C.corKc  Snuth'h  ■"  Conversiuii  of  India."  p.  180.  They  enlit.tf<l  in  tiic  work 
the  services  also  of  the  devotetl  Chn plain*,  Heury  Martyn  and  Thoniiihon.  HDd  even 
of  n  Roman  Catholic  priest. 

IHeKun  as  "  Society  for  Missions  tu  Africa  uud  the  h.a»t,"  and  changed  to  '  C. 
M.  b."  in  1812. 


the  missions  ix  india  29 

The  American  Prksmvtkrian  Mission. 

It  was  before  the  organization  (1837)  of  the  present 
Foreign  Board,  and  while  the  Western  Foreign  Missionary 
Society  (formed  in  1831  by  the  Synod  of  Pittsburgh;  was 
still  in  existence,  that  the  Rev.  John  C.  Lowrie,  afterward 
for  fifty- five  years  one  of  the  Secretaries  o(  the  l^oard.  and 
the  Rev.  William  Reed,  with  their  wives,  were  sent  to  India 
to  lay  the  foundations  of  the  work  which  the  Presbyterian 
Church  had  resolved  to  carry  on  in  that  land.  The  selection 
of  the  particular  field  in  which  they  should  begin  their  labors 
was  left  to  their  judgment  after  consultation  with  friends  of 
the  work  in  India.  Leaving  America,  (Xew  Castle,  Del.  j, 
in  May,  1833,  the}'  reached  Calcutta  in  October  of  the  same 
year,  and  after  getting  the  best  information  available,  they 
decided  to  begin  the  work  at  Lodiana,  then  a  frontier  town 
of  the  Northwest  Provinces.  It  was  the  gateway  to  the 
Pan  jab,  a  territory  at  that  time  under  Ranji't  Singh,  the 
famous  ruler  of  the  Sikhs.  Dr.  Lowrie,  in  his  "Two  Years 
in  India,"  after  stating  some  more  general  reasons  which 
intluenced  his  colleague  and  himself  in  their   decision,  says  : 

Having  now  the  history  of  nearly  seventeen  years  to  confirm 
the  opinion,  I  have  no  doubt  that  Lodiana  was  on  many  accounts 
preferable  to  any  other  as  a  point  from  which  to  commence  our  efforts. 
Other  cities  had  a  larger  population,  and  could  be  reached  in  less  time 
and  at  less  expense,  but  at  no  other  could  more  favorable  introducing 
intUiences  have  been  enjoyed;  at  no  other  could  our  position  have 
been  more  distinctly  marked,  nor  our  characters  and  object  more  accu- 
rately estimated  by  the  foreign  residents  of  the  upper  provinces; 
at  no  other  were  wc  less  likely  to  find  ourselves  laboring  "  in  another 
man's  line  of  things  made  ready  to  our  hand,"  or  to  occupy  ground 
that  other  bodies  of  Christians  would  shortly  cultivate  ;  and,  not  to 
insist  on  the  important  consideration  of  health,  no  other  place  could 
be  more  eligible  in  its  relation  to  other  and  not  less  dark  regions  of  the 
earth  in  its  facilities  for  acquiring  a  number  of  the  languages  chiefly 
spoken  in  those  parts. 

While  Messrs.  Lowrie  and  Reed  were  detained  at  Cal- 
cutta, it  became  evident  that  Mrs.  Lowrie "s  health,  which 
had  been  impaired  before  leaving  America,  was  rapidly  fail- 
ing, and  on  November  21st  she  was  called  to  her  rest.  Soon 
after  this  Mr.  Reed,  too,  began  to  fail  in  health,  and,  reluct- 
antly turning  toward  America  again,  died  on  board  ship  and 
was  buried  in  the  Bay  of  Bengal.  The  solitary  remaining 
member  of  the  band,  as  soon  as  arrangements  for  the  toil- 
some journey  could  be  completed,  turned  undismayed 
toward  the  far  north-west,  and,  journeying  by  boat  up  the 
Ganges  to  Cawnpore,  and  over  four  hundred  miles  further 


30  HISTORICAL    SKKTCH    ( )1- 

ill  a  palankeen,  reached  Lodiana  on  the  5th  of  November, 
1834.  Reinforcements,  consisting  of  Rev.  Messrs.  John 
Newton  and  James  Wilson  and  their  wives,  arrived  a  year 
later-'- — only  just  in  time  to  relieve  Dr.  Lowrie.  whose 
broken  health  forbade  longer  stay  in  India. 

In  the  course  of  time  not  only  did  this  one  station  grow 
to  be  an  extensive  mission,  but  two  other  missions  were 
added,  the  Farukhabad  or  United  Provinces  Mission  in 
1838,  and  the  Kolhapur  or  Western  India  Mission  in  1870. 
The  missionaries  of  each  of  these  missions  are  organized 
into  a  separate  body,  meeting  annually,  and  controlling  the 
location  of  its  own  members,  the  appointment  of  preachers, 
teachers,  etc.,  the  administration  of  the  funds  received  from 
home,  and  the  work  in  general,  all  under  the  superintend- 
ence and  sanction  of  the  Board  in  New  York.  The  two 
northern  missi(jns  are  so  closely  allied,  both  geographically 
and  linguistically,  that,  in  addition  to  the  annual  meeting  of 
each,  they  meet  in  joint  session  triennially,  and  have  the 
privilege  of  transfer  of  missionaries  from  the  one  to 
the  other  without  reference  to  the  Board.  Details  of 
the  work  of  these  missions  can  be  best  obtained  from 
a  brief  survey  of  the  individual  stations. 

TiiH  P.\NjAj{  (Lodiana)  Mission. — As  already  inti- 
mated, Mr.  Lowrie's  objective,  when,  after  consultation  with 
missionaries  at  Calcutta,  including  Carey,  Marshman  and 
DufT,  he  started  up  the  Ganges,  was  the  "Land  of  five 
rivers  '"  i/\n/J,  five  and  <id,  water),  then  in  the  hands  of  the 
Sikhs.  While  waiting  for  the  opening,  however,  the  mis- 
sionaries laid  foundations  at  Lodiana  as  broad  and  deep  as  if 
no  further  point  had  been  in  mind  ;  so  that  to 
Lodiana  this  day  Lodiana  is  one  of  the  most  important 

stations  of  the  mission.  One  of  the  first  per- 
manent agencies  e.stablished  was  the  Press.  Two  presses 
and  fonts  of  type  were  early  on  the  .scene,  and  a  practical 
printer,  who  went  out  in  1S3S,  soon  trained  a  corps  of 
efhcient  native  workmen.  The  fruit  of  this  work  has  been 
over  350,ooo.oo<i  page<  of  Christian  truth. 

The  Anglo- Vernacular  High  School  here  was  the  first 
started  in  North  India,  and  has  been  doing  efficient  work 
through  all  the  years.  Much  later  (1877)  a  school  for 
Native  Christian  boys  was  brought  here  from  Lahore,  and 
after  a  four  years'  suspen.sion  for  lack  of  an  available  mi.ssion- 


•II  took  this  party  five  and  a  half  mouths  to  make  the  journey  from  Calcutta- 
three  months  in  a  bont  to  Faiehgarh.  the  rest  of  the  way  in  a  '  palankeen  drawn 
by  oxen."     The  journey  require*  forty  hours  now  ! 


THE    MISSIONS    IN    INDIA  3 1 

ary  to  manage  it,  was  re-opened  in  1883  by  the  Rev.  K.  M. 
Wherry,  D.  D.,  in  a  building  provided  by  the  W.  F.  M.  S. 
(Philadelphia).  An  industrial  department  was  added,  with 
instruction  in  shoe-making,  carpentering  and  weaving  of 
Turkish  rugs  ;  and  it  is  now  one  of  the  most  important 
institutions  for  Christian  boys  in  all  North  India. 

From  the  first,  energetic  evangelistic  work  has  been 
carried  on  both  in  the  city  and  in  the  great  out-lying  dis- 
trict/'- A  part  of  the  result  is  to  be  seen  in  the  Lodiana 
church,  and  in  the  hundreds  of  Christians  scattered  through 
the  villages  and  organized  into  several  small  churches. 
Ivffective  work  for  women  also  has  always  been  a  marked 
feature  in  this  station,  and  Jagraon,  an  out-station,  has 
become  an  important  centre  for  work  among  village  women. 
At  Khanna.  another  out-station,  is  a  training  school  for  vil- 
lage preachers  and  teachers,  founded  by  Rev.  E.  P.  Newton. 

During  all  the  earlier  years  the  missionaries  were  hoping 
and  praying  for  the  opening  of  the  Panjab.  With  the  close 
of  the  second  Sikh  war,  in  1S49,  tlie  opening  came.  Ranjit 
Singh,  dying  in  1S39.  had  left  no  successor  capable  of 
wielding  his  iron  sceptre,  and  the  Sikh  council  of  Sirdars 
had  rashly  embarked  on  two  unprovoked  and  disastrous  wars 
against  the  British  power.  The  second  ended  in  the  annexa- 
tion of  the  Panjab  ;  and  almost  on  the  heels  ot 
Lahore  the  British  forces,  Messrs.  John  Newton  and 

C.  W.  Forman  entered  Tahore,  the  capital,  and 
began  mission  work.  From  the  very  beginning  the  mis- 
sionaries received  the  cordial  sympathy  and  support  of  such 
distinguished  Christian  otTicers  as  Lord  Lawrence,  Sir  Donald 
McLeod,  Sir  Herbert  Edwardes  and  Sir  R.  Montgomery. 
A  school  was  opened  and  street  preaching  begun  soon  after 
the  arrival  of  the  missionaries  :  and  in  this  work  these 
brethren  were  permitted  to  continue,  Dr.  Newton  for  forty- 
two  and  Dr.  P^orman  for  forty-five  years.  Their  influence 
upon  the  life  and  thought  of  the  entire  province  was  very 
great  and  still  abides.  It  is  of  interest  to  note  that  the  one 
lived  to  see  all  his  four  sons  and  his  one  daughter  (  Mrs. 
Forman)  in  the  mission  field  around  him,  and  the  other, 
three  of  His  sons  and  two  of  his  daughters. 

The  boys'  school,  now  known  as  the  Rang  Mahal 
School,  founded  in  the  early  days  of  the  mission,  and  pre- 
sided over  by  Dr.  Forman  till  his  death  in  1S94,  is  one 
of  the  largest  and  best  known  in  the  Panjab.     In  connection 

•It  was  at  Auandpnr  in  the  Rupar  district,  attached  to  I.odiana  Station,  that 
Rev.  I^vi  Janvier,  then  stationed  at  SabAthu,  was  murdered  in  1S64. 


32  HISTORICAI.    SKKTCII    OT 

witli  it,  in  i.s^)4,  a  Collegiate  department  was  opened,  which 
was  later  atTiliated  with  Calcutta  University,  with  Rev.  J. 
A.  Henry  as  its  first  President.  Five  years  later,  owing  to 
the  death  of  Mr.  Henry  and  the  reduction  of  the  Mission 
staff  by  sickness  and  death,  it  was  indefinitely  suspended. 
In  1886,  however.  College  classes  were  re-opened  by  Dr. 
Forman  and  Rev.  H.  C.  Velte.  The  institution  was  known 
simply  as  the  Mission  College,  but  at  the  death  of  Dr. 
Forman,  who  was  succeeded  as  President  by  Dr.  J.  C. 
R.  Ewing,  it  was  appropriately  named  the  Forman  Christian 
College.  It  opened  with  a  roll  of  fifteen  students,  but  has 
grown  to  be  the  most  largely  attended  College — Government 
or  Missionary — north  of  Calcutta.  The  enrollment  was  368 
in  1902.  The  President  and  four  of  the  Professors  are 
Fellows  of  the  Panjab  University,  and  have  had  no  small 
share  in  shaping  the  educational  progress  of  the  province. 
In  1889  commodious  buildings,  which  had  been  erected  on 
a  site  valued  at  20,000  rupees,  given  by  the  Government, 
were  formally  dedicated,  Lord  Lansdowne  and  other  dis- 
tinguished guests  l)eing  present  The  total  cost  of  the 
buildings  was  56,000  rupees,  of  which  20,000  were  a  grant 
from  government  in  addition  to  the  site.  Substantial  addi- 
tions to  the  property  of  the  College  have  been  made  from 
time  to  time.  These  have  been  provided  through  the  gifts 
of  individuals  and  government,  at  a  cost  of  about  100,000 
rupees.  The  income  annually  from  tuition  fees  is  about 
23,000  rupees.  This,  together  with  54,000  rupees  from 
government,  provides  for  the  salaries  of  all  non-missionary 
profes.sors,  general  ex])enditure  upon  laboratory,  library, 
repairs,  etc.  and  covers  as  well  a  considerable  portion  of  the 
salaries  of  the  four  mi.ssionaries. 

Evangelistic  effort  finds  its  opportunities  in  the  Lobar 
(rate  Chapel  and  in  an  extensive  district  work.  Woman's 
work,  which  has  been  earnestly  prosecuted,  has  its  main 
centres  in  two  large  .schools  and  a  dispensary.  Labours  in 
behalf  of  luiropeans  have  borne  fruit  in  a  strong  Scotch  Pres- 
byterian Church  ;  and  perhaps  the  best  result  of  all  of  the 
seed-sowing  of  every  form  is  the  self-supporting  Native 
Presbyterian  Church  of  Xaulakha,  Lahore. 

Saharanpur  was  one  of  the  first  cities  occupied 
Saharanpur         by  our  missionaries.      Here  labored  for  half  a 

century  the  mi.ssionaries   of  the  Covenanter  or 

Reformed    Presbyterian   Church.      Here  was  established    in 

183S  a  Boys'  Or])hanage,  from  which  have  gone  forth  some 

of  our  most  distinguished  evangelists.     Tiiis  institution  has 


THE    MISSIONS    IX    INDIA  33 

in  recent  years  been  greatly  enlarged,  and  industrial  training 
on  an  extensive  scale  is  being  carried  on  under  the  suptr- 
vision  of  Rev.  C.  W.  Forman,  M.  I).,  whose  latest  addition 
to  the  course  is  a  business  department.  There  are  now 
(1903)  160  boys  in  the  orphanage,  about  half  of  whom  are 
the  ingatherings  from  the  terrible  famines  of  1897  and  1899. 
Here,  too.  is  the  Theological  Seminary  of  the  Synod  of 
India  (established  in  1S84).  where  have  been  trained  not 
only  many  of  the  most  effective  preachers  of  our  own  mis- 
sion, but  some  of  those  of  the  Scotch  Presbyterian  Mission 
in  Rajputand.  A  school  for  the  wives  of  the  students  has 
also  rendered  valuable  service ;  and  woman's  work  in 
general  has  one  of  its  largest  and  best  organized  centres  at 
this  station.  A  general  dispensary  has  long  been  in  opera- 
tion, where,  in  1900,  21,900  patients  were  treated;  and 
under  mission  management  is  the  Municipal  Leper  Asylum, 
where   19  out  of  the  32  inmates  have  become  Christians. 

Ambala,  situated  in  the  centre  of  a  splendid 
Ambala  rural    district,    and    the    headquarters   of    the 

great  military  district  of  Sirhind,  was  early 
chosen  as  a  mission  station .  and  good  work  has  been  done 
both  in  the  city  and  at  the  Cantonments  four  miles  away. 
The  Boys'  High  School  in  the  former  has  maintained  an 
excellent  stand  for  scholarship,  ranking  second  in  the  prov- 
ince in  some  years.  Two-thirds  of  the  inmates  of  the  Leper 
Asylum,  which  was  established  in  1848,  are  now  Christians. 
In  connection  with  the  well-equipped  "  Philadelphia  Hos- 
pital for  Women,"'  there  were  during  the  year  1900,  210  in- 
patients and  over  18,000  out-patients.  Extensive  zenana 
work  is  carried  on.  and  village  work  on  a  large  scale  at  five 
main  centres  in  the  district. 

The  city  of  Jalandhar  has  the  distinction  of 
Jalandhar  being  the  first  point  occupied  within  the  terri- 

tory over  which  the  Sikh  Raja  Ran  jit  Singh 
held  sway.  No' sooner  had  the  victory  of  the  Knglish  in 
the  first  Sikh  war  been  announced  than  the  missionaries  at 
Lodiana  sent  one  of  their  number.  Rev.  Joseph  Porter,  to 
inspect  this  field  and  to  arrange  for  the  location  of  an  assist- 
ant there.  This  assistant  was  the  Rev.  Oolak  Xath,  the 
first  convert  baptized  at  Lodiana,  and  the  first  native  minister 
of  our  Church  in  India.  He  went  to  Jalandhar  in  1846, 
and  there  he  labored  wisely  and  faithfully  for  nearly  half  a 
century.  For  several  years  before  the  death  of  Mr.  Golak 
Nath  and  for  all  the  years  since,  this  station  has  been  occu- 
pied by  American  missionaries,  who  carry  on  the  three-fold 


34  HISTORICAL    SKKTCH    OF 

work  of  ew-ingelistic  preaching  in  city  and  surrounding 
villages,  educational  work  in  scliools  for  h>oys  and  girls,  and 
work  among  the  women  in  the  zenanas.  The  Rev.  Dr. 
C.  B.  Newton  has  for  many  years  been  in  charge,  and  has 
conducted  extensive  work  among  the  low  caste  population 
of  the  outlying  districts.  A  son  of  the  first  preacher  in 
Jalandhar  is  in  charge  of  the  work  at  Phillour  out-station. 
Kapurthala.  too,  a  native  state,  where  work  had  been  sus- 
pended for  thirty  years,  has  recently  been  re-occupied  as  an 
out-station,  with  the  full  consent  of  the  friendly  Maharajah. 

The  work  in  Dehra  Doon  was  begun  in  1S53, 
Dehra  by  Rev.  J.  S.  Woodside.     The   Dehra    Valley 

CDoon)  lies  between  the  first  low  range  of 
mountains  called  the  Sewaliks  and  the  higher  range  of  the 
Himalayas.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  famous  shrine  of  the  Sikhs, 
and  is  visited  by  many  thousands  of  devotees  every  year. 
It  is  also  a  military  cantonment  where  the  Gurkha  or  Xe- 
palese  soldiery  of  the  British  army  are  stationed,  thus 
affording  an  opportunity  to  evangelize  a  class  quite  inaccess- 
ible as  yet  in  their  native  land.  Since  the  establishment  of 
the  mission,  Dehra  Doon  has  become  famous  for  its  Chris- 
tian girls'  boarding-school,  which,  from  very  small  begin- 
nings, has  grown  not  only  to  a  splendid  size,  but  to  a  posi- 
tion of  large  influence  in  the  Native  Christian  community 
of  Northern  India.  Its  present  prosperity  is,  under  God, 
largely  due  to  the  wisdom  and  self-denying  zeal  of  the  two 
ladies  at  first  connected  with  it — Mrs.  Heron,  the  wife  of 
the  Rev.  David   Heron,  and  Miss  Kate  L.  Beatty. 

It  is  of  interest  to  note  in  this  connection,  as  .setting 
forth  the  principles  that  underlie  all  such  work  in  India, 
the  purposes  sought  by  this  school,  as  presented  by  Mr. 
Heron  in  a  paper  read  before  the  Allahabad  Missionary 
Conference  : 

ist.     To  j^ive  the  children  the  comforts  and  advantages  of  a  home. 

2d.  To  ^\\c  thcni  the  highest  intellectual  culture  that  they  are 
capable  of  receiving. 

3d.  To  bring  tlicni  to  Christ,  and  to  cultivate  in  them  the  Chiis- 
tian  virtues. 

4th.  To  lead  the  native  Christians  to  value  the  education  of  their 
daughters  by  making  them  pay  for  their  children's  support  when  they 
are  able  to  do  so. 

The  girls'  school  has  for  some  time  j^ast  had  over  one 
hundred  pupils,  and  has  recently  been  raised  to  the  lower 
College  status,  /.  e.,  teaching  to  the  First  Arts  examination. 
Other  activities   include  a  successful  High  School    for  boys 


THK    MISSIONS    IN    INDIA  35 

extensive  zenana  and  district  work,  and  both  a  Native  and  a 
European  Church. 

Mussoorie  or  Landour  Station,  a  delightful 
Woodstock,  sanatariuni,  thirteen  miles  from  Dehra  and 
Mussoorie  6,000   feet   above  it  (at  an  elevation   of  7,000 

feet),  is  mainly  of  interest  as  the  seat  of  Wood- 
stock School.  It  was  started  in  1847  through  the  influence 
of  the  Dehra  missionaries,  and  was  moulded  into  its  present 
effective  form  largely  through  the  executive  ability  of  Mrs. 
J.  L.  Scott,  for  many  years  its  Principal.  The  primary 
object  of  the  institution  was  to  furnish  an  education  for  the 
children  of  our  missionaries.  The  shape  that  it  finally  took 
was  a  school  of  the  higher  grade,  for  the  instruction  not 
only  of  the  daughters  of  missionaries  (and  the  sons  also,  up 
to  a  certain  age),  but  also  for  European,  Eurasian  and 
native  Christian  girls.  The  largest  number  of  pupils  is 
from  the  second  of  these  classes,  of  mixed  luiropean  and 
Indian  descent — a  class  greatly  needing  the  care  and  training 
afforded  by  such  a  school. 

The  school  was  some  years  ago  raised  to  the  College 
standard,  and  commands  to  a  marked  degree  the  confidence 
of  all  ranks  of  Anglo-Indian  life.  The  longest  principal- 
ship  since  that  of  Mrs.  Scott  has  been  that  of  Rev.  and 
Mrs.  H.  M.  Andrews. 

Very  early  in  the  mission's  history  (1836) 
Sabathu  Sabathu,   on   the  lower  range  r4,500  feet)  of 

the  Himalayas,  was  occupied,  partly  with  a 
view  to  its  usefulness  as  a  sanatariuni  for  invalid  mission- 
aries, partly  as  a  centre  for  work  among  the  Hill  tribes.  In 
the  former  regard  it  has  not  been  valuable,  but  good  work 
in  the  other  line,  and  on  general  educational  and  evangelistic 
lines,  has  been  done  there.  It  is  best  known,  however,  as 
the  home  of  one  of  the  largest  leper  asylums  in  India,  with 
which  the  names  of  the  late  Dr.  John  Xewton  and  of  Dr. 
M.  B.  Carleton  are  most  intimately  associated. 

In  his  "History  of  the  American  Presbyterian 
Hoshyarpur        Missions  in  India  "  Dr.  Xewton  says: 

Hoshyarpiir  was  occupied  in  1S67.  It  contains 
20,000  people  and  is  the  chief  town,  after  Jalandhar.  in  the  country 
l)'ing  between  the  Sutlej  and  the  Beeas.  It  is  within  half  a  dozen 
miles  of  the  lower  hills  which  flank  the  great  Himalayan  range  of 
mountains,  and  much  of  the  civil  district  of  Hoshyarpur,  with  a 
population  of  900,000,  lies  among  the  hills.  Of  the  inhabitants  of 
this  district,  550,000,  according  to  the  late  census,  are  Hindus,  290,000 
Mohammedans,  and  59,000  Sikhs.  The  Station  was  occupied  in  the 
first  instance  by  the  Rev.  Guru  Dass  Moitra,  who  very  soon,  however, 
gave  place  to  the   Rev.  Kali  Charan  Chatterjee. 


T,^'  iiisTOkicAi.  ski:tlh  of 

Tlie  peculiar  interest  attaching  to  Hoshyarpur  district  is 
the  fact  thai  it  has  been  entirely  under  the  control  of  native 
workers.  Its  development  along  evangelistic  lines  has  fully 
justified  the  confidence  placed  in  those  in  charge.  Prosjxr- 
ous  Christian  coninuinities  have  grown  up  in  various  towns 
and  villages  in  the  district.  The  Christians  number  over 
one  thousand. 

Dr.  Chatterjee  has  been  in  charge  of  this  station  for 
more  than  thirty  years.  A  ('.iris'  School  and  Orphanage 
was  established  in  iSS8,  which  continues  under  the  eflicient 
charge  of  Mrs.  Chatterjee.  Medical  work  has  been  recently 
l)egun  by  Miss  Dora  Chatterjee.  M.  D. 

This  promising  field  was  occupied  by  Dr.  F.J. 
Fcrozepur  Newton  in  1 882.  and  extensive  district  work  has 

been  a  marked  feature  from  the  beginning. 
A  Woman's  Hospital  was  erected  in  1893,  chiefly  through 
the  exertions  of  Mrs.  Newton.  Attached  to  Ferozepur  as 
an  out-station — soon  to  be  made  a  separate  station — is 
Kasur,  the  centre  of  a  large  and  ]iromisin.-  village  work. 

Tm:  F-VRiKiiAHAi)  ok  United  Provincks  Mission. — 
The  upsetting  of  a  Ganges  boat  and  the  consequent  loss  of 
some  parts  of  a  printing  press  led  to  the  establishment  of  a 
new  mission.  Rev.  James  Mcl^wen,  of  the  Lodiana  Mis- 
sion's re-inforcing  party  of  1S36,  was  left  at  Allahabad,  the 
capital  of  the  North-west  Provinces,  to  replace 
Allahabad  the  loss,  and   the  opening  for   work  seemed  so 

])romising  that  it  was  decided  that  he  should 
return  and  settle  there.  When  Rev.  Joseph  Warren  came 
in  1839,  a  press  was  established  in  a  bath  room  in  his  house  ; 
and  a  native  boy,  who  had  been  cared  for  by  the  mission, 
was  instructed  in  the  art  of  printing,  and  later  became  not 
only  one  of  the  proprietors  of  the  press,  but  an  elder  in  the 
Presbyterian  Church.  The  same  year  with  Mr.  Warn-n 
came  Rev.  J.  H.  Morrison,  who.  after  his  first  furlough, 
joined  the  Lodiana  Mission  and  filled  t)Ut  forty-three  years  of 
service.  It  was  at  Allahabad  that  Dr.  A.  A.  Hodge,  too, 
afterward  the  great  Princeton  theologian.  s|x}nt  his  two 
years  of  missionary  life. 

Next  after  the  press,  educational  work  was  taken  up,  and 
has  always  l)een  a  prominent  feature.  The  Jumna  Nlission 
High  School  was  one  of  the  earliest  in  the  province,  and  has 
done  effective  work  through  all  the  >ear>  of  its  history.  In 
connection  with  it  a  College  department,  with  Rev.  A.  H. 
Kwing,  Ph.D..  as  its  first    Principal,  was  opened  in  i^>o2,  to 


TIIK    MISSIONS    IN    INDIA  37 

»  meet  llie  obvious  need,  not  only  for  a  mission  college  at  tlie 
Provinces  educational  centre,  but  for  an  institution  to  do  for 
this  mission  somethiui^^  of  the  same  splendid  service  that  has 
been  rendered  by  h'orman  Christian  College  for  the  Panjab 
Mission. 

Meanwhile  (in  1SS7',  under  the  initiative  of  Rev.  J.  J. 
Lucas,  a  boarding  school  for  Christian  girls,  somewhat 
on  the  lines  of  the  one  at  Dchra,  was  opened  at  Allahabad, 
teaching  girls  up  to  the  University  Entrance  standard,  and 
calliu);^  for  the  services  of  three  missionary  ladies  and  several 
assistants.  It  has  twice  outgrown  its  quarters,  till  now  the 
munificence  of  the  Hon.  John  Wanamaker  has  provided  new 
and  commodious  buildings  in  another  part  of  Allahabad,  at 
the  same  time  setting  free  the  old  buildings  and  grounds  for 
the  new  college. 

Another  conspicuous  feature  at  Allahabad  has  for  some 
years  been  the  "  Sara  Seward  Hospital  for  Women,''  grow- 
ing out  of  work  begun  by  the  medical  missionary  for  whom 
it  was  named,  and  reaching  with  its  message  of  physical  and 
spiritual  healing  thousands  of  women  every  year.  ( )iher 
efforts  for  women  have  of  course  been  carried  on.  including 
a  s::hool  for  Hindu  girls  and  not  a  little  zenana  leaching. 

Allahabad  station  is  a  double  one,  including  the  Jamna 
mission,  on  the  bank  of  that  river,  not  far  from  its  con- 
fluence with  the  Ganges,  and  Katra  station,  a  separate  section 
of  the  city,  three  miles  away.  At  each  there  is  an  organized 
church  with  a  comfortable  house  of  worship.  Half  the 
funds  for  the  one  at  Katra,  erected  in  icjoo.  were  raised  on 
the  field  some  years  before,  largely  through  the  elTorts 
of  Rev.  J.  M.  Alexander.  Still  another  church  building, 
erected  in  1888  in  the  heart  of  the  city,  is  used  for  nightly 
evangelistic  services,  while  its  upper  floor  has  been  made 
over  to  the  V.  M.  C.  A.  as  a  reading-room. 

A  lilind  Asylum  and  a  Leper  Asylum,  both  supported  by 
Municipal  and  other  non-mission  funds,  have  always  been 
under  a  missionary  manager,  and  have  been  the  spiritual 
l)irth-place  of  many  devoted  Christians. 

Shortly    after    the    occupation    of    Allahabad, 

Fatch^arh-         Fatehgarh,  •  with  the  native  city,  Farukhabad, 

Farukhabad        three    miles,  away,    was   opened   (183S)    as    a 

station,  with  a  boys'  orphanage,  the  fruit  of 

the  great  famine  of  1837,  as  its  main  work.     The  seventy 


•Fatehjfarh  is  the  civil  station,  within  the  limits  of  which  is  fiaiha,  with  its 
orphanaRe,  Christian  village,  etc.  just  outside  of  Farukhabad  Cityisthe  village 
of  Barhpur ,  where  arc  two  mission  houses,  boys  orphanage,  etc. 


3<S  HISTORICAL   SKETCH    OF 

orphans  had  previously  been  cared  f<jr  (slI  Fatchgarh  and 
Faiehpur  respectively;  by  two  devoted  Christian  British 
ofticials.  Out  of  and  around  this  orphanage  grew  up 
an  eminently  successful  tent  factory  and  a  flourishing  Chris- 
tian \illage.  The  former,  passing  through  many  vicissi- 
tudes, finally  disappeared  ;  the  latter,  too,  failed  of  per- 
manent success  and  is  greatly  reduced.  The  boys'  ori)han- 
age  was  many  years  ago  united  with  the  one  at  Saliaranpur. 
and  was  replacetl  by  a  girls'  orphanage,  where  there  are  now 
about  one  hundred  and  fifty  girls,  mainly  waifs  rescued 
from  the  famines  of  1897  and  1899.  As  a  result  of  these 
same  famines  a  boys'  orphanage  was  opened  by  Rev.  C.  H. 
Handy  (a  portion  of  the  boys  having  been  gathered  by  Rev. 
A.  G.  McGaw  at  ICtawah),  and  eighty  boys  have  there  l)een 
receiving  mental,  industrial  and  spiritual  training. 

There  are  four  small  church  organizations  in  this  double 
station  :  Rakha,  Fatehgarh,  Harh])ur  and  Farukhabad  : 
l>esides  one  at  Bahadarpur.  just  across  the  Ganges  from 
Farukhabad.  This  last  is  a  part  of  the  extensive  village 
work  of  the  di.strict.  with  out-stations  at  four  centres.  In 
this  work  Rev.  J.  X.  I*'orman  was  for  many  years  a  leader. 
Much  of  the  most  successful  elTort,  both  in  city  and  district, 
has  ))een  among  the  low-caste  and  out-caste  community.  To 
meet  the  demand  for  workers  in  this  and  other  similar  fields, 
there  was  established  in  Barhpur  in  1893  a  Training  School 
for  village  preachers  and  teachers.  Tlie  results  have  abun- 
dantly  justified  the  hopes  of  its  founders. 

In  Farukhab^^d  city  is  a  large  and  successful  lioys'  High 
School,  as  well  as  a  X'ernacular  School  for  Hindu  and  Mo- 
hammedan girls,  and.  in  the  neighborhood,  several  vernacu- 
lar schools  for  l>oys.  Zenana  teaching  and  ba/aar  preaching 
com])lete  the  outline  of  the  main  features  of  this  station. 

Gf  the  many  points  at  which  serious  damage  was  done 
during  the  dreadful  Mutinyd  857),  Fatehgarh  was  the  only  one 
where  there  was  actual  s;icrifice  of  the  lives  of  our  mission- 
aries. Messrs.  Freeman,  Mc Mullen  and  Campbell,  with 
their  wives  and  two  little  children  of  the  C  impl)ells,  joined 
the  luiglish  residents  in  an  attempt  to  escajx*  down  the  Gan- 
ges from  the  unsjife  fort  at  I'atehgarh  to  supposed  safety  at 
Cawnpore.  They  were  ca])tured  at  Bithur.  marched  eight 
miles  to  Cawnpore,  and  shot  on  the  parade-ground  next  day 
with  a  hundred  others,  under  the  orders  of  the  infamous 
Nana  Sdhib.  The  sjHrit  in  which  they  face<i  death  is 
best  shown  by  an  extract  from  a  letter  written  by  Mrs. 
Freeman  just  l>efore  the  end  : 


THK    MISSIONS    IN    INDIA  39 

We  are  in  God's  hands,  and  we  know  that  He  reigns.  We  have  no 
place  to  flee  for  shelter  but  under  the  covert  of  His  win>js,  and  there  we 
are  safe.  Not  hut  thnt  He  may  suffer  our  bodies  lo  l)e  slain.  If  He 
docs,  we  know  that  He  has  wise  reasons  for  it.  I  sometimes  think 
our  deaths  would  do  more  goo<l  than  we  would  do  in  all  our  lives  ;  if  so, 
His  will  be  done.  Should  I  be  called  to  lay  down  my  life,  most  joy- 
fully will  I  die  for  Him  who  laid  down  His  life  for  me. 

Meanwhile    work    had  been  beijun  in  two  other  cities. 
Mainpuri,  forty  miles  from  Katehgarh  and  even  now  thirty 

miles  from  a  railway,  a  city  of  30,000  inhabit- 
Malnpuri  ants,  thecentre  of  a  district  of  over  8ofj,  000,  was 

occupied  in  1S43.  A  Hoys'  High  School  has 
exerted  a  wide  inlluence  in  the  comnitmity.  In  its  main 
liall  a  Sunday  evening  service  in  English  for  Hindus  and 
Mohammedans  has  been  held  from  time  to  time  in  recent 
years,  and  has  been  largely  attended.  There  are  vernacular 
schools  both  for  boys  and  for  girls,  and  extensive  zenana 
work.  X'illage  preaching  has  been  prominent,  and  perma- 
nent centres  have  been  established  at  Sliikohabad  and 
Karauli.     There  is  an  organized  church  in  Mainpuri. 

The  other  city  occupied  before  the  Mutiny  was  F'ateh- 

]n'ir,  (1853J.  with  a  district  similar  to  Main- 
Fatchpur  pi'iri  in  size  and  character.      It  lies  on  the  ICast 

Indian  Railway,  seventy-five  miles  from  Alla- 
habad. It  has  a  small  Christian  community  and  church. 
The  work  is  wholly  evangelistic,  and  as  in  Farukhabad  and 
Mainpuri,  ours  are  the  only  foreign  missionaries  in  the 
entire  district. 

Just  stich  another  city  and  district  came  under  Christian 

intUience  when  hUawali  was  occupied  in  1863. 
Etawah  Here,  too.  evangelistic  work,  especially  among 

the  villages,  has  been  a  prominent  feature. 
Woman's  work  has  been  energetically  pushed,  especially  by 
Miss  Helz,  who  after  thirty  years  of  constant  preaching  to 
women,  in  city,  village  and  mela.  was  in  1902  called  to 
higher  service.  The  little  church  in  the  city  has  its  own 
pastor,  and.  like  several  others  in  the  mission,  has  been  mak- 
ing progress  toward  self-suj^port. 

The  mission's  only  station  in  a  Native  state  was  occupied 

when  Rev.  J.  Warren  in  1876  began  work  in 
Morar,  Gwalior  Monir.  the   capital  of  Gwalior.    ruled  by  the 

Maharajah  Sindhia.  Mrs.  Warren  contintied 
Sabbath  School  and  evangelistic  work  through  all  the  years 
after  Dr.  Warren's  death  till  her  own,  refusing  to  leave  even 
when  the  British  troops  were  withdrawn  from  Gwalior  terri- 


lory.     Our    mission    is   almost    alone    in    ihis  great    State, 
and  greatly  neede<l  the  reinforcement  recently  sent. 

In    IS86  work  was  l>egun    by   Kcv.  J.    K      Holcomh   at 

Jliansi.  an  imj>orlant  railway  centre,  and  sur- 
Jhami  rounded  by  a  vast  unoccupied  field.     One  of 

the  prominent  features  has  lx?en  a  large  and 
efficient  school  for  liengali  girls,  manage<l  by  Mrs.  Holcomb, 
as  is  also  the  extensive  zenana  work.  A  well  e«iuipi>e<i 
reading-room  has  exerted  a  good  influence,  and  alongside  of 
it  there  is  a  commodious  building  for  the  little  Christian 
congregation.  Much  district  work  has  l>een  done,  with 
encouraging  results  at  the  out-station  of  Mau  Ranipur 

It  if-ni  (ins  to  speak  of  the  station  at  which  far  the  largest 

numerical  results  in  all  this  mission  have  been 
htah  secured.       laab,    which     adjoins    Fatehgarh, 

Mainpuri  and  I'Uiiwah,  was  for  more  than 
twenty  years  an  out-station,  sometimes  of  Mainpuri.  some- 
times of  Fatehgarh.  In  i S9S  there  began  to  l>e  an  in  gath- 
ering from  among  the  out  caste  community,  a  part  of  the 
mass  movement  toward  Christianity  from  which  the  Metho- 
dist Mission's  workers  had  already  been  gaining  such  large 
results.  In  a  year  and  a  half,  mainly  under  the  leadership 
of  Rev.  H.  Forman.  the  Christians  in  the  district 
increased  from  twenty-five  to  more  than  five  hundred. 
Accordingly  in  HfOiy  F!ltah  was  made  a  full  station,  and  a 
mission  house  and  buildings  for  a  lx)ys  Injarding  sch(K>l  of 
the  lower  grade  and  for  a  training  class  for  village  teachers 
were  sanctione<l.  These  were  erected  in  hm»2,  but  are  inade- 
quate to  the  rapidly  growing  need.  For  at  the  close  of  u^2 
there  were  alx>ut  fifty  Ixjys  in  the  boarding-sch<K)l.  and 
iwenty-eight  young  men  in  the  training  class  ;  while  larger 
or  smaller  Christian  conununities.  aggregating  over  a  thou- 
sand, are  found  scattere<l  through  seventy  villages.  In 
ihejie  villages  are  twenty  five  ])rimary  schools  f»)r  Christian 
Ixjys  and  six  or  seven  for  girls.  F'vangelistic  work  for 
Hindus  and  Mohammedans,  in  both  city  and  village,  is  also 
carried  on. 

CK»st-lv  connected  with  this  movement  is  the  (x:cu|>ation. 

in  1901,  of  Cawnpore.  "the  Manchester  of 
Ciwnporc  North  India."  where  more  than  forty  thousand 

hands  are  employed  in  the  various  mills  and 
factories  It  was  occupied  partly  to  meet  the  neetl  of  our 
converts  already  there,  gatherexl  from  various  stations  but 
mainly  iK-cause  of  the  »»plendid  <  -ly 

in  the  way  of  employment  for  v  s. 


Tin*  MISSIONS   •'••'•••  41 

hut  for  the  estabUshnient  of  an  imliisinai  school  for  lH)ys. 
whether  from  the  villajjes  or  from  the  hatehgarh  orphanaj^c. 
Tliis  industrial  school  is  one  of  the  urji^ent  needs  of  the  mis- 
sion, for  aloii).;  this  line  unquestiona!>ly  lies  one  of  the 
solutions  of  the  problem  of  providing?  for  the  Rowing 
Christian  community. 

Thk  \Vi:sti:kn  India  Mission  The  region  occupied 
by  the  Western  India  Mission  lies  in  the  Deccan,  south  ot 
Bombay.  The  (ihdts,  a  range  of  mountains  forty  or  fifty 
miles  from  the  coast,  cut  the  field  in  two.  The  Kolhapur 
State  lies  east  of  this  range,  and  has  a  population  of 
802.691.  The  adjoining  districts,  in  which  are  no  mission- 
aries, have  a  pijpulation  of  i.jocDivx);  add  to  this  the 
Konkan,  or  the  portion  between  the  (ihats  and  the  sea.  and 
there  is  a  total  of  4,0()0.(xx)  who  are  to  l>e  reached  with  the 
truth.  The  principal  language  is  Marathi.  The  Kev  R.  G. 
Wilder  began  the  work  in  1852,  but  it  was  not  till  1S70 
that  our  Board  assumed  charge  of  the  Mis.sion.  This 
pioneer  missionary  entered  into  rest  in  18S7.  His  wife  and 
daughter  still  continue  their  connection  with  the  work  to 
which  he  gave  his  life. 

livery  phase  of  the  life  of  the  mission  has  been  more  or 
less  affected  during  recent  years  by  the  terrible  scourges  of 
famine  and  bubonic  plague,  which.  iK^ginning  in  1H96, 
attacked  this  region  in  full  force.  Famine  left  as  its  legacy 
over  one  thousand  waifs,  most  of  them  orphans:  and  both 
famine  and  plague,  with  all  the  burdens  they  brought  upon 
the  missionaries,  gave  wonderful  opportunities  for  exempli- 
fying the  true  spirit  of  the  (*osi)el.  ( >nly  one  missionary 
(Dr.  Williamson,  of  Miraj),  took  the  plague,  and  he 
recovered. 

Kolhapur.  where  Mr.  Wilder  laid  the  founda- 
Kolhapur  tions  in  1852,  is  the  capital  of   the  State  of  the 

same  name,  and  has  a  population  of  about 
45.000.  It  has  to  the  Hindu  mind  a  high  reputation  for 
sanctity,  a  common  legend  l>eing  that  the  gods  in  council 
once  pronounced  it  the  most  sacred  spot  on  earth. 

Famine  necessitated  relief  works  here  as  elsewhere  :  the 
people  quarried  stone,  burned  brick,  dug  wells,  repaired 
roads  and  built  small  school-houses  in  out-stations,  receiving 
about  five  cents  a  day  for  their  lalMjr.  Sometimes  during 
the  rainy  season  of  11700  there  were  five  thousand  present  at 
the  semi-weekly  distribution  of  grain  to  the  starving. 


42  HISTOKICAI,    SKKTCII    OT 

Diirin^^  the  faniiiie  of  1S76  an  orphanage  liad  been  es- 
lal)lishecl  al  Kolhapi'ir.  from  which  in  188S  the  hoys  were 
reni()\ed  to  Sangli  to  form  the  nucleus  of  a  boarding-school 
for  Christian  boys,  while  the  girls  were  retained  as  the  be- 
ginning of  one  for  girls.  There  are  now  over  two  hundred 
girls  in  the  institution,  receiving  training  not  only  along 
s]Mritual  and  intellectual  lines,  but  also  in  all  domestic 
industries.  In  July,  u^o2.  new  dormitories  and  a  fine 
school  building,  caj^able  of  accommodating  three  hundred 
girls,  were  added. 

The  fruit  of  the  years  of  missionary  labor  is  seen  in  a 
church  of  246  members  (1902),  with  225  at  Wadgaon  out- 
station.  To  the  training  of  these  Christians,  Rev.  and  Mrs. 
J.  M.  Goheen,  ably  seconded  by  Pastor  Shiveramji,  have 
largely  devoted  their  lives.  Another  pair  of  names  closely 
identified  with  the  progress  of  this  station  are  those  of 
Rev.  and  Mrs.  (lalen  \V.  Seiler.  the  former  of  whom,  after 
thirty  years  of  successful  service,  broke  down  under  the 
strain  of  1900,  compelling  their  return  to  America  in  1902. 
Among  other  things  for  which  Mrs.  Seiler  will  be  gratefully 
remembered  is  the  establishment  of  the  first  self-supporting 
industry  in  the  Mission — ''Daniel's  Bakery,'  which  sup- 
plies bread  to  all  the  Deccan  stations. 

It  is  of  interest  to  note  that  a  V.  M.  C.  A.  has  been  a  great 
means  of  usefulness  among  iMiglish-speaking  young  men. 

Ratnagiri  was  o]iened  as  a  station  in  187"^,  but 
Ratnagiri  it    was    never    fully  manned    till,    after   being 

virtually  abandoned  for  a  while,  it  was  re- 
occupied  in  1891.  It  is  a  city  of  15.000  inhabitants,  and 
situated  on  the  coast  about  80  miles  south  of  Bombay.  It 
is  the  most  isolated  station  in  the  Mission,  and  the  only  one 
in  British  territory,  the  others  l)eing  in  the  feudatory  States. 
It  is  the  centre  of  work  for  the  Konkan,  a  strip  of  territory 
alxjut  2i<)  miles  long  by  40  miles  wide,  and  densely  jiojui- 
lated.  There  are  no  other  mi.ssionaries  within  seventy  miles, 
except  the  ladies  of  the  Zenana  Bible  and  Medical  Mission, 
who  work  in  co-operation  with  our  Mission.  Much  touring 
has  l)een  done  in  this  district,  sometimes  including  villages 
where  people  fled  at  the  approach  of  the  first  white  visitors 
they  had  ever  seen. 

The  church  reports  a  memlx?rshij)  of  sixty,  and  there 
are  about  a  hundred  children  in  the  day-schools. 

\'engurle,  *v()  miles  south  of  Ratnagiri  on  the 
Ven^urlc  coast,    was   occu]Hed    in    igoo;    and   Rev.  and 

Mr^.  \Vm.  IT     Haniinni    and    Rev.  and  Mrs.   T. 


Tin-     MISSIONS    IN    INDIA  43 

M.  Irwin  have  done  pioneer  work  in  the  midst  of  much 
opposition.  An  Industrial  School  of  42  famine  lads  is  the 
most  hopeful  work  here.  A  church  organized  in  1902 
reports  27   members. 

Sangli,  the  ca])ital  of  a  small  State  of  the  same 
San^li  name,  was  oj^ened  as  a  station  in  18.S4.     The 

plague  was  so  lerrible  here  that  in  less  than  a 
year  5,000  died,  or  about  one-third  of  the  population.  The 
next  year  came  the  famine,  leaving  forty-four  waifs  as  its 
legacy  to  the  Mission.  The  Boarding-school  has  nearly 
two  hundred  boys  in  a  fine  modern  i)uilding,  with  a  well- 
equipped  Industrial  department.  An  organized  church  of 
forty  members  is  housed  in  a  good  building,  and  has  a  large 
Sunday-school. 

Kodoli  is  a  small  market  town,  about  14  miles 
Kodoli,  north  of   Kolhapur.       When    the   station  was 

Panhala  opened  it  was  thought  that  Panhala  on  the  hill 

would  be  a  more  healthful  location,  but  ex- 
perience proved  that  Kodoli  was  a  better  centre  for  reaching 
the  people.  A  post-ofhce  has  been  recently  established  wnth 
a  Chrisfiau  postmaster,  one  of  the  Mission  schoolmasters. 
The  patient  labor  of  more  than  twenty  years  in  this  field, 
crowned  by  the  charity  and  self-sacrifice  displayed  in  caring 
for  the  starving  and  plague-stricken,  was  rewarded  by  a 
wonderful  blessing.  In  1900  over  two  hundred  adults, 
representing  twenty- five  towns,  were  baptized  within  a  few 
days.  The  good  old  native  pastor,  since  called  to  his 
reward,  said:  "The  growth  of  the  Christian  religion  de- 
pends upon  the  lives  of  the  Christians  :  seeing  the  com- 
passion of  the  missionaries,  the  poor  and  the  great  were 
convinced  that  they  were  the  .servants  of  the  true  God." 

The  following  extract  from  a  report  from  Miss  Brown  in 
1900,  gives  a  vivid  picture  of  many  phases  of  the  work  of 
the  station  : 

The  village  visiting,  which  I,  with  mv  family  of  five  hundred 
orphans  could  not  ilo,  the  women  of  the  church  took  up,  and  for  pure 
love's  sake  they  trampeil  and  they  preached,  ten  of  them,  in  fifty-one 
different  towns.  They  went  iu  twos  ;  those  who  could  not  sing  took 
two  or  three  school-girls  who  coukl.  Those  who  could  not  write  the 
names  of  the  villages,  took  a  string  and  made  a  knot  for  every  village 
visited. 

Five  schools  for  girls  and  women  have  been  going  nearly  all  the 
year.  Mv  school  for  widows  (thirty  of  them)  takes  the  girls'  verandah 
out  of  school  hours.  The  teacher  has  to  bring  her  baby,  which  is 
handed  around  while  she  teaches. 

The  weaving  house  built  for  the  relief  work  last  year  is  still 
turning  out  large  quantities  of  coarse  cloth,  which  we  use  for  sheets 


^4  HISTORICAL    SKETCH    ol 

md  boys'  clothing,  and  many  towels.  All  the  l)oys'  clothes  are  made 
HI  my  verandah  by  the  boys  themselves.  A  flock  of  sheep  supplies 
wool  for  blankets  ;   fourteen  arc  woven  each  week  by  six  boys. 

In  January,  1901,  I  had  five  hundred  and  fiflv  famine  children. 
Afterward  the  number  reached  seven  hundred  and  thirty.  In  Septem- 
ber two  hundred  were  returned  to  their  parents.  We  hope  they  may 
carry  the  light  with  them.  One  hundred  and  seventy-five  who  came 
to  us  as  Hindus  have  been  bafStizejl  by  their  parents'  desire.  Nineteen 
»f  the  older  boys  and  girls  were  received  into  the  church. 

The  Cluirch  reported  557  members  in  1902,  and  there 
were  then  600  cliildren  in  the  Brownie  Orphanage.  There 
is  a  little  hospital,  built  by  Dr.  Wilson,  and  a  dispensary 
built  by  Rev.  Geo.  H.  Ferris. 

Miraj,  occupied  in  1892  by  Dr.  Wanless,  is  an 
Miraj  important  position,  because  of  its  railway  con- 

nection and  its  poptilation  of  25,000.  The 
medical  work  is  prominent.  By  the  generosity  of  Mr.  J.  H. 
Converse,  of  Philadelphia,  a  fine  hospital  and  dispensary 
were  opened  in  1S94,  and  in  1902  "  The  Bryn  Mawr  Annex" 
provided  one  of  the  finest  operating  rooms  in  India,  a  lecture- 
room  and  laboratory  for  the  Medical  School,  and  accommo- 
dation for  six  private  patients,  one  of  the  wards  being  for 
Europeans.  The  hospital  has  50  beds.  In  1901,  773  in- 
patients were  treated,  and  29,000  in  the  two  dispensaries. 

Says  Dr.  Wanless  : 

There  is  scarcely  a  class  or  caste  in  Western  India  not  repre- 
sented among  our  patients.  Many  Christians  come  from  a  distance, 
and  llicir  influence  has  alwavs  been  for  good.  Hospital  work  is  a 
growing  leveller  of  caste.  It  is  an  education  in  itself  for  these  people 
to  come  into  a  place  where  Hrahtnans  and  out-castes  arc  treated  abso- 
lutely alike. 

A  Leper  Asylum,  built  with  funds  from  the  "  Mission 
to  the  Lepers  in  India  and  the  Ivast,"  was  opened  in  1901, 
and  ten  of  the  inmates  were  baptized  in  1902. 

In  1899  fo"^  missionary  ladies  went  out  with 
The  Viilajjc  the  purpose  of  settling  in  some  desirable  centre 
Settlement  whence   they   could    ha\'e   easy  access    to    the 

villages,  and  infiuence  the  women's  lives  by 
daily  contact.  This  plan  could  not  be  carried  out  during 
the  prevalence  of  the  ])lague.  and  they  have  been  assisting 
the  different  stations  as  need  arose. 


the  missions  in  india  45 

Special  Phases  of  Mission  Work. 

While  the  one  supreme  and  definite  aim  of  all  missionary 
effort  in  India — as  the  world  over — is  so  to  present  Christ 
crucified  to  men  and  women  as  to  enable  them  to  know  Him 
personally  and  accept  Him  as  their  only  Saviour,  yet  the 
lines  along  wliich  and  the  methods  by  which  that  effort  is 
made  are  not  only  widely  various,  but  some  of  them  are 
more  or  less  peculiar  to  particular  fields  or  particular  mis- 
sions. Some  points,  accordingly,  in  connection  with  the 
work  of  our  church  in  India,  call  for  special  mention  : 

I.  llo7/ian's  Work  for  11 07Na?i.— The  seclusion  ot 
women,  with  its  underlying  assumption  of  the  extreme 
fragility  of  feminine  morality,  is  the  rule  among  Hindus  and 
Mohammedans  alike,  especially  in  North  India.  \'illage 
women  are  comparatively  more  free  than  those  in  cities  and 
towns,  and  low-caste  women  and  menials  have  a  larger  degree 
of  liberty  everywhere.  But  in  no  case  can  women  be  reached 
wuth  the  men  or  by  men.  The  work,  if  done  at  all,  must  be 
done  by  women.  Of  its  importance  there  can  be  no  question. 
The  ignorance,  bigotry  and  superstition  of  the  women  are 
almost  past  belief,  and  constitute  one  of  the  greatest  obsta- 
cles to  the  progress  of  Christianity.  Dr.  Kellogg^'  tells  of  an 
educated  Hindu  who  expressed  his  cordial  conviction  of  the 
truth  of  Christianity,  and  who  was  found  to  be  kept  back 
from  becoming  a  Chri.stian  by  the  bigotry  of  the  women  of 
his  household.  Such  illustrations  could  i)e  multiplied  indefi- 
nitely. On  the  other  hand  the  winning  of  the  women  means 
the  winning  of  the  home  :  the  winning  of  the  home  means 
the  winning  of  the  next  generation.  Work  for  women, 
therefore,  especially  if  carried  out  in  systematic  co-operation 
with  that  for  men,  is  one  of  the  most  important  factors  in  the 
evangelization  of  India. 

In  the  early  days,  owing  to  the  unsettled  state  of 
the  country,  the  way  was  not  open  for  the  work  of  single 
women.  But  missionaries  were  almost  invariably  accom- 
panied by  wives,  who  became  zealous  co-workers  in  the  pro- 
pagation of  the  faith.  They  sometimes  obtained  access 
to  the  women  in  the  homes  of  Hindus  and  Moslems,  and 
were  able  to  witness  for  the  pure  gospel  of  Jesus  by  words 
and  deeds  of  kindness  ;  and  they  always  had  a  sphere  of 
missionary  labor  in  the  environment  of  their  own  homes, 
and  in  the  homes  of  native  Christians,  in  the  education  and 
training  of  orphan  children  rescued  from  death  by  famine 

***  Church  at  Home  and  Abroad,"  April,  1896. 


46  HISTORICAI.    SKKTCH    OF 

and  neglect,  and  finally  in  the  ])eginning  of  work  for 
heathen  girls  and  women  in  school  and  zenana. ■•'•  For  the 
edncation  of  men  soon  led  to  a  desire  for  or,  at  least,  a  tol- 
eration of,  female  education,  and  thus  to  the  opening  of 
many  homes  to  the  missionary  and  her  assistants.  To-day 
hundreds  of  single  women  find  a  special  sphere  open  to 
them  in  all  parts  of  the  land.  They  conduct  the  schools 
and  orphanages  for  both  Christian  and  non-Christian  girls. 
They  undertake  the  work  of  systematic  teaching  in  the 
homes  where  women  are  secluded  in  zenanas.  They  do  not 
hesitate  to  go  into  isolated  towns  and  villages  and  undertake 
work  far  away  from  the  abodes  of  European  neighbors. 
Many  of  them  have  gone  out  with  special  medical  train- 
ing, and  have  established  hospitals  and  dispensaries  for 
women  and  children,  where  thousands  of  patients  have 
received  medical  aid  and  been  nursed  back  to  health. 

The  recognized  pioneer  in  zenana  missions  was  Miss 
Cooke,  of  the  C.  M.  S.,  who,  in  1821,  opened  a  school  for 
Hindu  girls  in  Calcutta.  Miss  Wakefield  seems  to  have 
been  the  first  (1835)  to  gain  actual  access  to  zenanas  ;  while 
systematic  work  in  this  line,  begun  in  1840  by  a  suggestion 
from  Prof.  T.  Smith,  which  was  carried  out  by  Rev.  and 
Mrs.  John  h'ordyce  (all  of  the  Free  Church  of  Scotland), 
was  fully  developed  some  years  later  by  Mrs.  Sale  and  Mrs. 
Mullens  (of  the  Baptist  Mission).     The  pioneer  in  medical 

ork  for  women  was  Clara  Swain,  M.  D.,  of  the  American 
Methodist  Mission.  The  beginnings  of  work  for  women  in 
:ie  American  Presbyterian  Mission  date  from  the  early 
lifties.  when  in  the  girls'  orphanage  at  Lodiana,  with  which 
the  names  of  Mrs.  IClizabeth  Newton,  Mrs.  Rudolph.  Mrs. 
Mary  R.Janvier  and  Mrs.  Myers  arect)nspicuously  associated, 

tlective  work  was  organized. 

The  results  of  woman's  work  in  India  are  well  stated  by 
Mr.  Ciraham,  in  part,  as  follows:! 

The  cruelty  and  iinmoraHty  connected  with  child  niarriaj^e  have 
been  so  far  mitigated  the  hv  raisinj^  of  the  legal  "age  of  consent"  to 
twelve  years.  The  deplorable  position,  sometimes  amounting  to  a 
iving  death,  of  the  2, cxx), 000  child- widows  is  being  ameliorated.  Some 
>f  them  have  been  re-married,  and  others  have  escaj^cd  from  the  Ict- 
ors  of  centuries  bv  confessing  Chri.st  and  taking  refuge  in  such  homes 
or  widows  as  Ihat'of  Pandita  Ramabai  at  r»)ona.  l-jghty  years  ago 
lot  one  female  in  100, ocx)  is  s.ii<l  to  have  been  able  to  read  and  write, 
ut  now  I  1S98),  through  the  missionary  and  Government  schools,  the 
.iroportion  of    literates    and    learners   is   six  per  thousand.     •     ♦     ♦ 

*  Zenana    (more   properly    -ari.trt.i    from  Persian    xan,   a   woman),  meaoi  tlie 
women's  portion  of  a  ho»ise.  as  maKi.in.i  means  the  men's. 
t"  Missionary  Expansion,"  etc..  p.  117. 


THE    MISSIONS    IN    INDIA  47 

The  regular  visits  of  700  foreign  ami  Eurasian^  and  ;>,ooo  Native 
Christian  women  to  40,00(3  houses  are  profoundly  influencing  the 
home  life  of  India  and  preparing  the  way  for  a  mighty  change. 

Possibly  even  more  significant  are  the  words  of  an 
enlightened  Hindu  paper  (  The  IndiaJi  Social  Reformer^ 
March  15,  1903),  which  says  : 

Though  cut  off  from  the  parent  community  by  religion  and  by 
prejudice  and  intolerance,  the  Indian  Christian  woman  \  herself  the 
fruit  of  icoman's  :cork\  has  been  the  evangelist  of  education  to  hun- 
dreds and  thousands  of  Hindu  homes.  Simple,  neat  and  kindly,  she 
has  won  her  way  to  the  recesses  of  orthodoxy,  overcoming  a  strength 
and  bitterness  of  prejudice  of  which  few  outsiders  have  an  adequate 
conception.  *  *  •  To  these  brave  and  devoted  women,  wherever 
they  are,  friends  of  female  education  all  over  the  country  will  heartily 
wish  "  God-speed." 

2.  Christian  Literature. — The  preparation  of  Christian 
literature,  including  the  translation  of  the  Bible,  has  natur- 
ally had  a  conspicuous  and  early  place  in  the  liistory  of  all 
missions— notably  so  in  that  of  our  missions  in  North 
India.  Dr.  Sherring,  of  the  London  Missionary  Society, 
and  Dr.  Murdoch,!  of  the  Christian  Literature  Society, 
agree  in  giving  to  our  missionaries  the  first  place  in  this 
regard  in  all  northern  India.  The  mechanical  part  of  the 
work  has  been  done  by  the  two  great  mission  presses  at 
Lodiana  and  Allahabad.  These  have  long  since  passed  out 
of  mission  management  into  tlie  hands  of  Native  Christian 
proprietors,  but  are  still  doing  the  same  eflicient  work  in 
the  sending  out  both  of  God's  Word  and  of  general  Chris- 
tian literature. 

The  literary  end  of  the  work  has  called  forth  the  activi- 
ties of  many  of  the  best  minds  among  the  missionaries,  and 
good  service  has  been  rendered,  too,  by  some  of  the  leaders 
of  the  Indian  Church.  The  range  covered  has  been  wide, 
and  includesj:  the  following:  {a).  fUble  Translation,  in 
which  department  the  conspicuous  names  are  John  Newton, 
Levi  Janvier  and  H.  P.  Newton  in  Panjabi  :  Lowenihal  in 
Pushtu  (the  language  of  the  Afghans)  ;  James  Wilson  in 
Urdu  ;  and  Owen,  I'llmaim  and  Kellogg  in  Hindi.  <  b). 
Commeiitaries. — Here  the  work  has  not  much  more  than 
begun,  being  limited  to  portions  of  Genesis,  the  Psalms, 
Isaiah,  Jeremiah,  portions  of  the  Minor  Prophets,  the  Gos- 

*Of  mixed  Kuropean  and  native  parentage. 

tDr.  Murdoch,  who  reached  India  in  184-1,  has  himself  done  far  more  than  any 
other  one  man  for  the  creation  of  Christian  literature  tor  the  English  speaking 
community 

ISee  also  article  by  Rev.  J.  J.  Lucas,  in  IndianETargelical Revifw  for  July  and 
Octot>er,  1886. 


4S  HISTORICAL  sKi:Tcn  oi- 

pels,  First  Corinthians,  Ivphesians  and  Colossians.  ='  Almost 
all  of  these  are  in  I'rdii  (Roman  character),  Jeremiah  alone 
being  in  Hindi  ;  and  the  writers  are  John  Newton,  vSr.  and 
Jr.,  Scott,  Owen,  \V.  F.  Johnson  and  Lucas.  In  <  r)  Tlie- 
oio^q;]',  the  two  prominent  writers  are  Rev.  Messrs.  Ishwari 
Das  and  J.  J.  Caleb,  the  latter  having  translated  Hodge's 
"Outlines  of  Theoloj^^y."  {d).  Coutrovcrdal  -icritiuirs. — 
Here  the  out-put  has  naturally  been  large,  covering  both 
Hinduism  and  Iskim  and  ranging  from  extensive  treatises  in 
hjiglish,  {e.  ^.  Wherry  on  the  Ouran)  for  the  use  especially 
of  missionaries,  to  four-page  leaflets  in  the  vernaculars  for 
gratuitousT  distribution  to  Hindus  and  Mohammedans.  In 
this  department  one  of  the  most  effective  tracts  ever  sent 
forth  in  any  land  is  Mr.  Ullmann's  D/iarm  Tula,  to  the 
reading  of  which  many  a  convert  in  every  part  of  North 
India  traces  his  conversion,  {e).  Periodic  Literature. — 
Two  religious  papers  are  published  by  our  missions  :  the 
Makhzan-i-Masilii  ("Christian  Treasury,")  a  fortnightly 
paper,  established  in  1S67  at  Allahabad,  and  the  Xur-Af- 
shdn  f"  Dispenser  of  Light,"  )  established  in  1872,  at  Lodi- 
ana  ;  both  are  intended  for  the  building  up  of  the  spiritual 
life  of  the  church,  though  the  Nur  A f shdn  enters  also 
the  controversial  field.  (/. )  Misallamous. — Hymnology, 
Church  History,  Literature  for  the  Church  at  home  and 
many  other  lines  of  effort  might  well  be  enumerated,  but 
space  permits  the  mention  of  but  two  books  more,  Kellogg's 
Hindi  Grammar,  which  has  become  a  classic,  and  Zabur  aur 
Git,  a  splendid  collection  of  hymns,  which  has  been  adopted 
not  only  by  our  own  churches,  but  by  some  of  those  of  the 
London  Missionary  Society,  and  which  includes  not  only 
448  translations  (from  lx)th  Knglish  and  German)  and  origi- 
nal hynnis  in  foreign  metres,  but  nearly  a  hundred  original 
hymns  {bhajayis  and  _i:/iaca/s)  set  to  native  airs,  besides  a 
selection  of  chants.  Among  the  authors  are  both  natives 
and  foreigners.  Rev.  I.  iMcldbrave's  name  leading  the  van  in 
the  former  class,  and  Mr.  Ullmann's  in  the  latter.  An  edi- 
tion with  music— the  first  musical  book  ever  printed  in 
India — was  is.sued  in  1898. 

It  is  to  be  noted  that  since  the  organization  of  the  Panjdb 
and  North  India  Hible  vSocieties  and  Tract  Societies  and  the 
Christian  Literature  Society  of  Madras,  the  main  part  of  the 

•The  style  «nd  linfirufiKe  of  Dr    John  Newton.  Jr.'«  commentary  on  ColoMlana 

are  so  admirable  that  thr  hook  ha.-*  been  made  a  teitlwok  for  new  misRionanea. 

fit  is  the  unifurtn  policy  to  seU  all  bookn  and  tracts,  though  at  a  nominal  price. 
Only  these  lenflets  arc  given  away. 


Tin-:    MISSK)NS    IN    INDIA  49 

literary  work  of  our  missionaries  has  ])een  done  in  co-opera- 
tion with  those  agencies. 

,V  Medical  Work  and  Asylums. — Although  India  is  sup- 
plied with  a  well-equipped  Government  Medical  Department, 
with  hospitals  and  dispensaries  in  the  chief  cities  and  towns, 
there  is  still  a  large  sphere  for  medical  missionaries,  espe- 
cially for  women.  Sometimes  the  work  is  done  while  tour- 
ing through  towns  and  villages,  more  often  it  is  localized  at 
hosjMtals  and  dispensaries  in  large  centres.  In  either  case, 
not  only  is  prejudice  removed  and  God's  love  made  tangible, 
but  constant  opportunity  is  given  for  the  direct  proclamation 
of  the  Gospel.  Ivvery  patient  hears  the  message  from  either 
missionary  or  assistant,  and  usually  takes  home  on  the  back 
of  the  very  dispensary  ticket  some  portion  of  truth  from 
Gods  Word.  Hospitals  or  dispensaries,  the  majority  of 
them  for  women  and  children  only,  are  to  be  found  at 
Ferozepore,  Lahore,  Ambdla,  Sabathii,  Jagrdon,  Saluiranpur, 
Allahabad,  Fatehgarh,  Kodoli,  Miraj.  and  at  certain  sub- 
stations. There  are  twenty-two  in  all,  at  which  in  19(32  no 
less  than  121,686  patients  were  treated. 

Our  missionaries  have  not  been  unmindful  of  the  lepers, 
of  whom  there  are  about  250,000  in  the  Kmpire.  Six 
asylums-'-  are  at  present  under  Mission  management,  though 
the  funds  are  provided  partly  by  Government,  partly  by 
voluntary  contributions  on  the  field — sometimes  from  non- 
Christians — and  still  more  by  donations  from  the  Edinburgh 
"  Mission  to  Lepers  in  India  and  the  I^ast."  The  asylum 
at  Ambala  was  built  in  1858  with  funds  contributed  by 
Europeans  in  the  Cantonments.  Of  the  one  at  Sabathu, 
which  was  begun  as  a  general  poor-house  by  the  British 
officers  and  men  who  returned  from  the  Kabul  war  in  1844, 
and  to  which  a  department  for  European  lepers  was  added  a 
few  years  ago,  Rev.  John  Newton  wrote  : 

It  grew  into  an   institution   of  importance  after  Dr  Newton    (son 

of  the  writer!  was  posted  to  that  station He  built  a  number  of 

houses  at  a  short  distance  from  the  Mission  House,  that  he  miglit  have 
the  objects  of  his  benevolent  attentions  near  him.  He  rej^anled  them 
not  as  medical  patients  only,  but  as  emphatically  the  poor  who  need 
to  have  the  gospel  preached  to  them.  So  there  was  a  small  building 
erected  which  answered  the  double  purpose  of  a  dispensary  and  a 
chapel.  Here  the  lepers  voluntarily  assemble  every  day  for  worship, 
besides  coming  for  the  special  service  on  the  Lord's  Day. 

4.  Educational  Work. — The  Gospel  and  education  have 
always  gone  hand  in  hand,  especially  where  the  bearers  ot 

*  At  Sabdthu.  AmbAlA,  Dehra  Dun.  Saharanpur,  Allahabad  and  Miraj. 


50  HISTORICAL    SKKTCH    OF 

the  Evangel  have  been  Presbyterians.  But  education  is  not 
looked  upon  as  an  end  :  it  is  a  means  to  an  end.  In  the 
case  of  Christians  it  is  to  make  them  an  effective  instrument 
for  the  uplifting  of  their  countrymen,  in  the  case  of  Hindus 
and  Mohammedans  it  is  to  bring  them  within  the  reach  of 
the  truth.  The  pupils  in  both  school  and  college  not  only 
have  the  Gospel  preached  to  them  in  the  opening  religious 
exercises  of  every  school  day,  not  only  are  they  daily 
taught  a  lesson  irom  the  Bible  by  competent  Christian 
teachers,  and  so  grounded  in  the  fundamentals  of  Christian- 
ity, but  they  are  brought  into  constant  personal  contact, 
during  the  most  impressionable  period  of  their  lives,  with 
men  of  Christian  faith  and  character. 

The  importance  of  this  work,  especially  in  the  higher 
grades,  is  emphasized  by  the  present-day  crisis  in  the  reli- 
gious attitude  of  educated  young  India.  Higher  education 
has  largely  been  Government  education,  which  again  has 
necessarily  been  religiously  neutral,  and  therefore  always 
irreligious  and  practically  antitheistic.  lulucated  young  men 
can  seldom  continue  to  believe  what  their  fathers  believed. 
They  have  cut  loose  from  the  old  moorings,  and  are  drifting 
out  into  the  darkness  of  materialism  and  agnosticism.  A 
Christ-fdled  educational  system,  side  by  side  with  the  effect- 
ive work  of  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.,  seems  the  one  solution  of  the 
problem.  Said  Dr.  Chatterjee,  of  Hoshyarpur,  recently  : 
"  I  can  testify  after  an  experience  of  forty  yeais'  service  in 
missionary  work — educational  as  well  as  evangelistic — that 
I  consider  a  Christian  college,  which  has  as  its  chief  aim  the 
conversion  of  its  students,  to  be  the  best  evangelistic  agency 
we  have  in  connection  witli  our  Mission" — this  although  the 
imniL-diate  results  in  baptisms  are  so  small. 

All  this  has  been  increasingly  api)reciated  by  our  mis- 
sionaries :  all  the  stations  have  primary  schools,  several  have 
high  schools,  the  college  at  Lahore  has  been  doing  its  work 
for  nearly  forty  years,  and  recently  the  one  at  Allahal)ad  has 
been  started  on  a  similar  career  of  usefulness.  In  all  173 
institutions  are  reported,  with  over  eight  thousand   pu])ils. 

5.  ll^orA-  iinioui^  the  Outcastcs.  —  Another  crisis  of  a  very 
different  sort  has  marked  recent  years  The  "submerged 
fourth"  of  the  Hindu  population  began  in  the  eighties  to 
reacli  up  toward  the  light.  The  American  Methoilists  in 
the  United  Provinces  were  the  first  in  Northern  India  to 
gather  in  large  numbers  from  this  community.  Tlieii  the 
movement  extended  to  the  Panjbd,  till,  in  1891.  Mr.  \'elte 
could  sav  that    in    six    vears   three   mission^  '  Scotch  I^stab- 


THK    MISSIONS    IN     INDIA  5I 

lishecl,  American  V.  P.  and  our  own)  liad  baptized  i2,(XX) 
Chuliras.-'  The  work  spread  to  almost  every  district  of  the 
Panjab  Mission,  and  later  to  the  Ktah  (see  p.  40  and  Faru- 
khabad  districts  of  the  United  Provinces  Mission. 

That  mixed  motives  lie  back  of  such  a  mass  movement 
is  unciuestionable. !  On  the  one  liand  these  out-castes  have 
comparatively  little  to  lose  in  becoming;  Christians — though 
they,  too,  are  liable  to  serious  persecution — and  they  have 
much  to  gain.  They  see  that  Christianity  means  u/)/i// — 
intellectual,  social,  financial  as  well  as  spiritual — and  it  is 
little  wonder  that  the  highest  motives  are  not  always  upper- 
most. But  back  of  the  whole  movement  God's  Spirit  is 
undoubtedly  working.  Vast  possibilities  for  the  Church  lie 
in  it.  Careful  teaching,  cautious  admission  to  baptism,  and 
subsefjuent  patient  and  loving,  yet  firm,  discipline,  are  the 
requisites.  For  all  this  the  urgent  call  is  for  a  vastly  in- 
creased force  of  workers.  The  fields  are  white  and  the 
harvest  plenteous  :    the  lat3orers  are  pitifully  few. 

6.  T/ieohi^ica/  Schools. — In  the  early  days  candidates  for 
the  Ministry  received  ])rivate  instruction  from  individual 
missionaries.  But  as  the  number  of  candidates  increased, 
the  lavish  expenditure  of  time  involved  in  this  method  made 
it  abviously  expedient  to  set  apart  certain  men  for  this  work 
at  a  central  point.  A  theological  class  was  formed  at 
Allahabad  under  Messrs.  Brodhead,  Wherry  and  Wynkoop. 
Later  (1S84)  the  Synod  of  India  took  the  matter  into  its 
immediate  control  and  established  the  Seminary  at  Saharan- 
pur,  with  Messrs.  Wherry  and  J.  C  R.  lowing  as  the  first 
teachers.  The  work  has  gone  on  uninteruptedly  though 
under  various  leaders  — Rev.  A.  P.  Kelso  and  capable 
Native  assistants  having  had  charge  during  recent  years. 

The  need  for  workers  with  less  elaborate  training,  for 
work  in  the  villages,  has  led  to  the  estal^lishment  of  theolog- 
ical schools  on  a  humbler  scale,  one  at  Khanna  and  the 
other  at  F'atehgarh.  Both  these  training  .schools  have  done 
good  work  in  their  special  line. 

As  many  of  the  students  are  married  men.  and  come  to 
the  schools  accompanied  by  their  families,  a  grand  field  for 
work  is  opened  tq  the  wives  of  the  Professors,  which  they 
do  not  fail  to  improve.  While  our  future  native  pastors  are 
being  fitted  to  ])reach  the  gospel  to  their  own  people,  their 
wives  are  being  trained  to  become  not  only  more  intelligent 


•The  Chuhras  of  thePanj  ab  correspond  to  the  M  ihtars  further  to  the  south-east. 
+See  "Missionary  Expansion,"  etc.,  p.  126. 


52  HISTORICAL    SKETCH    OF 

Christians,     but    better    lioiise-keepers     and     more     useful 
members  of  society. 

The  hope  of  church  extension  in  India  lies  in  the  develop- 
ment of  the  church  from  within.  These  schools  are  rapidly- 
preparing  ministers  and  evangelists  for  the  great  concjuest 
of  the  land.  Many  faithful  preachers  have  already  gone 
out  into  the  great  harvest  field  and  much  of  the  large 
ingathering  of  recent  years  is  to  be  traced  to  them. 

7.  llic  Indian  Cliurcli. — From  the  very  first,  wherever 
the  number  of  converts  warranted,  churches  have  been  or- 
ganized. The  pastoral  duties  were  long  performed  by  mis- 
sionaries, and  still  are  in  some  cases  ;  but  the  securing  of 
pastors  from  among  themselves  has  always  been  the  goal 
presented  to  the  churches,  and  in  recent  years  marked 
progress  has  been  made  in  this  direction.  Self-support  has 
also  been  urged — though  not  perhaps  with  all  the  emphasis 
possible  :  and  in  this  direction,  too,  good  progress  can  be 
recorded.  For  instance,  in  the  Panjab  Mission,  in  addition 
to  about  ten  churches  in  the  scattered  village  communities 
(churches  not  always  fully  organized),  each  station  has  at 
least  one  fully  organized  church,  which  in  nearly  every  case 
has  its  native  pastor,  largely  supported  by  the  members 
themselves.  In  addition  to  this  local  self-support,  the 
churches  in  this  Mission  contribute  increasingly  (they 
began  in  1897)  toward  a  Home  Mission  fund  in  the  hands 
of  the  Presbytery  of  Lahore  or  of  Lodiana,  as  the  case  may 
be.  This  fund  is  supplemented  by  the  Mission  on  a  .sliding 
scale  (beginning  with  S^.oo,  to  $1 .00  given  by  the  churches), 
but  is  managed  wholly  by  the  Presbytery,  the  native  breth- 
ren taking  a  leading  part.  The  same  plan  is  also  in  o]iera- 
tion  in  the  Presbyteries  of  Allahabad,  Farukhabad  and 
Kolha])ur,  tliough  with  differences  in  detail  {e.  x'.,  Allaha- 
bad began  with  a  grant  of  $2.00.  to  Si  .00  contributed  by 
the  churches  J. 

Such  movements  as  these  have  helped  to  prejiare  the 
way  for  the  formation  of  the  United  Presbyterian  Church  of 
India,  the  goal  toward  which  the  Presbyterian  Alliance  of 
India  has  so  long  been  working.  The  South  India  Fnited 
Church  has  already  been  formed  by  the  union  of  the  Arcot 
Dutch  Ref.  j  and  the  I'nited  PVee  Church  of  Scotland  mi.ssion 
churches,  and  the  i^reliminary  steps  toward  the  larger  union 
which  will  include  almost  every  one  of  the  twelve  Presby- 
terian bodies  in  India,  have  recently  been  taken.  The 
latest  statistics   of  the  Alliance  indicate  as  the  constituents 


THK    MISSIONS    IX    INDIA  5.^ 

of  this  united  Church,  7  Synods,  33  Presbyteries,  324  min- 
isters, 139  licentiates,  and  21,121  communicant  members 
( over  one-seventh  of  these  from  the  churches  of  our  Mis- 
sionsj,  besides  31,305  adult  adherents.  While  this  body 
will  control  all  the  ecclesiastical  relations  of  the  Presby- 
terian churches  in  India,  it  will  not  affect  their  financial 
relations  to  the  home  churches,  nor  the  relation  of  the  mis- 
sionaries to  their  respective  Boards  or  Committees.  There 
are  not  a  few  who  hope  and  pray  that  even  this  splendid 
consummation  is  not  to  be  the  end  of  the  union  movement  : 
that  some  day,  even  this  side  of  the  heavenly  union,  there 
shall  be  for  all  Christian  India  but  one  fold,  as  there  is, 
thank  God,  but  one  Shepherd  I 

A  practical  question  that  suggests  itself,  calls  for  a  fair 
answer  :  What  is  the  character  of  the  Indian  converts  ? 
Here  is  the  answer  of  a  careful  observer  :'■' 

It  would  be  easy,  on  the  one  hand,  to  take  individual  cases  of 
men  and  women  who  have  exhibited  the  ripest  fruits  of  Christian 
experience,  and  who,  in  Apostolic  fervour  and  patient  sutTering  for 
Christ's  sake,  niijjht  be  placed  in  the  front  ranks  of  Christian  saints. 
On  the  other  hand,  we  might  point  to  large  numbers  but  yesterday 
out  of  the  thraldom  of  grossest  idolatry  or  debasing  devil-worship, 
who  as  yet  are  ignorant  and  weak,  and  on  whom  the  shadow  of  the 

old  customs  still  rests As  far  as  criminal  statistics  go,  they  tell 

in  favor  of  the  Christians;  for  in  a  return  for  Southern  India,  it  was 
stated  that,  while  there  was  one  criminal  to  every  447  and  728  of  the 
Hindu  and  Mohammedan  population  respectively,  there  was  only  one 
in  every  2,500  of  the  Christians. 

To  which  may  be  added  Sir  Wm.  Muirs  testimony  that 
'  'they  are  not  sham  nor  paper  converts,  as  some  would  have 
us  believe,  but  good  and  honest  Christians,  and  many  of 
them  of  a  high  standard."  No  better  confirmation  of  this 
can  be  found  than  in  a  brief  sketch  of  a  life  just  closed  in 
Kodoli  (  W^estern  India  Mission):! 

Twenty-five  years  ago,  Satoba  Ranbhisi,  a  guru  of  his  caste,  came 
to  the  Rev.  Mr.  Hull  at  Kolhapur,  asking  to  be  taught  the  religion  of 
the  Bible.  He  gave  up  to  him  the  strange  collection  of  heathen 
books,  in  the  studv  and  recitation  of  which  he  had  spent  years,  saying  , 
"  It  has  been  like  trvinti  to  get  a  fist  full  of  water  :  nothing  remains 
after  all  my  effort. "'  For  some  time  Christian  truth,  too.  seemed  of 
but  little  avail.  But  soon  there  came  a  change:  the  last  chapters  of 
John's  Gospel  reached  his  soul,  and  a  life  principle  was  implanted. 
Originallv  of  one  of  the  lowest  castes,  in  time  he  won  the  respect  of 
all  classes— even  of  the  Brahmans.  When  he  first  went  back  to  his 
village  after  baptism,  his  own  family  kept  him  out  of  his  home  and 


*Mr  Graham  in  "Missionary' Expansion,"  p   1 2S. 

fThe  facts  are  taken  partly  from   Mr.  J.  P  Graham's  account  in  the  Mission 
Report  IM2.  partly  from  an  article  by  Miss  Brown  in  Woman' i  Work  fot   Woman. 


54  mSTORICAI.    SKKTCH    OF 

refused  him  a  drink  of  water  ;  the  j>eople  of  the  village  drove  him  out 
of  it.  For  months  he  lived  in  the  fields  near  by,  subjected  to  the  jeers 
and  taunts  of  his  former  friends.  But  throuj^h  it  all  he  remained  loyal 
to  the  Master,  and  bore  insults  and  persecution  without  complaint. 
In  that  same  community  he  became  pastor  t)f  the  largest  church  in  the 
Mission,  with  most  of  his  relatives  and  neighbors  on  the  membership 
roll! 

He  was  "  on  fire  for  souls.  In  his  home,  in  the  fields,  on  tour,  his 
one  thought  was  to  make  men  accjuaintcd  with  Christ.  He  had  found 
One  whom  his  soul  loved,  and  he  would  burn  out  his  life  till  he  had 
made  every  one  else  love  Him.  The  miles  he  walked,  the  sermons  he 
preached  are  past  our  counting.  Often,  breakfastless,  lie  was  off  to 
villages  preaching  ;  returning  hungry  at  noon,  his  faithful  wife  would 
have  to  lock  him  and  his  dinner  into  the  little  study,  or  he  would  have 
given  it  all  to  soii.e  one  hungrier  than  himself.  So  loving  was  he, 
that  infliction  of  church  discipline  was  his  hardest  duty,  yet  he  en- 
forced it,  even  in  the  case  of  his  own  nephew.  The  Bible  was  his  one 
book,  praver  his  vital  breath.  His  little  6  x  3  study  in  Kodoli,  where 
he  could  get  a  man  alone  with  God,  was  the  gate  of  heaven  to  many 
a  soul.  On  the  day  of  greatest  in-gathering  to  the  church,  October  7, 
1900,  he  baptized  161  adults,  on  the  following  Sabbath  51;  and  to  the 
day  that  God  took  him,  the  church  grew." 

Just  before  his  fatal  illness,  he  had  a  juemonition  of  death,  saying, 
e.xultaiitly,  "  I  am  going  to  my  Father;"  and  when  visited  near  the 
entl  bv  Mr.  Graham,  he  begged  him  not  to  pray  for  his  recovery. 
Never'has  Kodoli  witnessed  such  a  scene  as  the  throng  of  hundreds  of 
men,  women  and  children  — Hindus  as  well  as  Christians— that  fol- 
lowed hisbodv,  wrapped  in  white  muslin  and  laid  on  a  stretcher,  to 
the  cemetery 'outside  of  the  town.  At  the  start,  the  wailitig  of  the 
crowd,  after  the  demonstrative  manner  of  the  F^ast,  was  terrific  ;  but 
soon  the  scores  of  school  children  began  singing  "  vShall  we  gather  at 
the  River."  and  all  the  way  to  the  grave  hymn  followed  hymn,  till 
the  funeral  procession  became  a  triumphal  march. 

Is  it  worth  while  to  send  and  carry  the  Gospel  to  win 
such  lives  ? 

S.  The  Foras  iu  the  l-'icld  and  the  rromisc  for  the  Future. 
—It  will  l>e  remembered  that  the  "  Week  of  Prayer  "  had 
its  origin  in  a  call  issued,  after  three  days  spent  in  earnest 
l)rayer,  by  the  Lodiana  Mission  in  1858.  It  is  worth  while 
to  reproduce  that  call  at  this  point  : 

"  WhkrkaS,  Our  spirits  have  been  greatly  refreshed  by  what  we 
have  heard  of  the  Lord's  dealings  with  His  people  in  America,  and 
further,  being  convinced  from  the  signs  of  the  times  that  God  has  still 
larger  blessings  for  His  people  and  for  our  ruined  world,  and  that 
He  now  seems  ready  and  waiting  to  bestow  them  as  soon  as  asked  ; 
therefore, 

'•/\V5^/:r</,  That  we  appoint  the  second  week  in  January.  1.S59, 
beginning  with  Montlay  the  Sth,  as  a  time  of  special  prayer,  and  that 
all  Go<rs  people,  of  every  name  and  nation,  of  every  continent  and 
islaiul,  be  cordiallv  an<l  earnestly  invited  to  unite  with  us  in  the  peti- 
tion that  God  would  now  pour'out  His  Spirit  upon  all  fiesh.  so  that 
all  the  ends  of  the  earth  might  see  His  salvation." 


THK    MISSIONS    IN    INDIA  55 

A  part  of  the  answer  to  the  prayers  that  have  gone  up 
in  response  to  this  call  is  to  be  found  in  the  vastly  increased 
force  now  engaged  in  the  work  in  India.  A  careful  exami- 
nation of  Dr.  Husband's  "Protestant  Missionary  Directory" 
for  1902,  yields  the  following  figures  for  the  force  actually 
on  the  field  :  Separate  societies  (a  few  of  them  employing 
only  one  foreigner),  84,  besides  48  "independent  mission- 
aries: ' '  and  total  of  foreign  missionaries,  3.536,  of  whom  i  ,064 
are  ordained.-'  Of  the  entire  number  about  three- fifthsr  are 
women,  of  whom  again  two-fifths  (or  one-fourth  of  the  total) 
are  wives  of  missionaries.  The  native  force  engaged  in  direct 
missionary  work  is  i)laced  by  Mr.  Heach  at  23,000.  To  these 
are  to  l)e  added  lumdreds  of  earnest  Christian  luiropeans  and 
thousands  of  earnest  Native  Christians,  who  for  at  least  a  part 
of  their  time  are  directly  or  indirectly  engaged  in  missionary 
work.  There  were  at  the  end  of  1900  no  less  than  5,362 
organized  congregations,  with  274.402  scholars  enrolled  in 
6,888  Sabbath-schools.  Surely  this  is  no  small  army  that 
is  arrayed  under  the  baiuier  of  the  Cross  I 

The  promise  for  the  future  is  to  be  found  partly  in  the 
presence  of  the  forces  just  enumerated;  partly  in  the  grow- 
ing loyalty  of  the  land  to  a  Christian  government,  and  the 
people's  growing  friendliness  and  accessibility  to  the  mis- 
sionary— due  in  no  small  measure  to  the  services  rendered 
in  the  awful  stress  of  famine  and  plague  ;  partly  in  the 
movement  from  among  the  low  castes  and  out-castes  ;  partly 
in  the  marked  sjMrit  of  in(iuiry  among  educated  young  men  : 
partly  in  the  religious  unrest  and  spiritual  discontent  among 
many  classes — as  evidenced,  for  instance,  in  the  numerous 
modern  reform  movements;  and  partly  in  the  results  already 
accomplished.  Many  of  these  results  defy  tabulation. 
They  lie  as  completely  hidden  as  the  waters  in  the  moun- 
tain's heart  :  but  they  will  as  surely  leap  forth  one  day  to 
refresh  the  land.  Results  capable  of  tabulation  are  shown 
partly  in  the  following  figures  : 

PROTKSTANT    CHRISTIANS    IN    INDIA. 

185  1 91.092 

1861 138.731 

1871 224.258 

1881 417.372 

1S91  (including  Burniah  1 559.661 

1901 868,283: 

•  The  fieures  given  by  Rev  HP  Reach  in  his  "Geography  and  Atlas  of  Protestant 
Missions,"  are  93  missions,  and  3,8;6  missionaries  The  discrepancy  in  the  former 
figure  is  probably  due  to  the  inclusion  of  some  whom  Dr.  Husband  counts  as 
"Independent  Missionaries,"  and  in  the  latter  to  the  fact  that  Mr.  Beach  included 
niis«!ionaries  on  furlough. 

t  1.304  single  women  and  89^  married,  as  given  by  Mr.  Beach. 

J  Mr.  Beach's  6gure  is  much  larger — 1,102,458. 


5^->  HISTORICAL    SK1:TCH    O!- 

The  total  Christian  population  ^ foreigners  and  natives, 
Catholics  and  Protestants),  as  given  by  the  census  of  1901, 
is  2,923,349,  or  almost  exactly  one  now  in  every  hundred 
of  the  general  po])ulation.  While  the  Hindus  slightly  de- 
creased between  1 89 1  and  1 90 1  (the  main  cause  being  plague 
and  famine  J,  and  the  Mohammedans  increased  9  per  cent., 
Christians  increased  30  per  cent.  ( to  2 ,664,3 1 3  ^  ^"^  Protestajit 
Christians  about  60  per  cent.!  And,  finally,  the  strongest 
ground  for  confidence  lies,  asever,  in  something  yet  more  re- 
reliable  and  encouraging  than  numerical  results.  To  the  (jues- 
tion,  "  What  are  the  prospects  in  India  i*  ' '  the  answer  still  is, 
"  Bright  as  the  promises  of  God  I   ' 

But  on  the  other  hand,  this  well-grounded  optimism  must 
be  backed  up  by  tremendous  effort.  God  still  works  by  means. 
The  force  in  the  field  is  absolutely  inadequate  to  the  task 
set  before  it.  Two  and  a  half  millions  have  been  Christian- 
ized :  what  of  the  remaining  two  hundred  and  ninety-one 
millions?*  The  recent  Decennial  Conference  of  Missionaries 
in  India  made  no  extravagant  demand  when  it  asked  that 
the  present  force  should  be  quadrupled  within  ten  years. 
Let    the   Churcli  in  America  listen  to  their  cry  : 

"In  the  name  of  Christ  our  common  Lord  — for  the  sake 
of  those  who.  lacking  Him.  are  as  sheep  without  a  shepherd, 
we  ask  you  to  listen  to  our  appeal.  You,  under  (lod,  have 
sent  us  forth  to  India.  We  count  it  a  privilege  to  give  our 
lives  to  this  land.  For  Christ's  sake  and  the  Gospel's, 
strengthen  our  hands,  and  enable  us  to  press  on  toward  the 
goal  of  our  great  calling,  when  the  kingdoms  of  the  world 
shall  become  tlic  Kingdom  of  the  Lord  and  of  His  Clirist." 


THE     MISSIONS     IN     INKIA 


STATISTICS— IJOJ 


Ordained  Missionaries. 

Lay  Missionaries 

Wives  of  Missionaries. 
Single  Women 


Native  Ministers  and  Licentiates 87 

Other  Native  Workers 140 

Churches 20 

Meeting  Places 38 

Communicants  2,109 

Adherents 4i433 

Boarding-schools 6 

Other  Schools 56 

Pupils 5^^^5 

Hospitals 4 

Dispensaries S 

I'atients.  1901 -1902 60,64s 


20 
(3  M.U.] 
3 

[I  M.D.] 
18 

[I  M.D.I 
20 


(4  M.D.I  [2  M.D  ] 


45 
[6  M  D  ] 


5^  -HISTORICAL   SKETCH    OF 


STATIONS,  1903 

PANJAB  MISSION 

LoDiANA  ( 1S34) :  near  the  river  Sutlej,  1,100  miles  northwest  of 
Calcutta.  Rev.  Edward  P.  Newton  and  Mrs.  Newton,  Rev.  V,  S.  G. 
Jones  and  Mrs.  Jones,  Rev.  K.  M.  Wherry,  D.  D.,  and  Mrs.  Wherry, 
Rev.  F.  O.  Johnson  and  Mrs.  Johnson,  Rev.  A.  B.  Gould  and  Mrs. 
Gould,  M.I).,  Rev.  Robert  D.  Tracy,  Miss  Carrie  Clark  i  At  Japraon)  : 
Dr.  Maud  Allen,  Miss  J.  E.  Jenks,  Miss  h:mnia  Morris,  Miss  Harriet 
Savage,  Miss  S.  M.  Wherry,  Miss  G.  O.  Woodside. 

Saharanpur  (1836^  :  130  miles  southeast  of  Lodiana.  Rev.  Alex- 
ander P.  Kelso  and  Mrs.  Kelso,  Rev.  C.  W.  Forman,  M.D.,  and  Mrs. 
Forman,  Miss  Alice  B.  Jones. 

Sahathu  (1836) :  in  the  lower  Himalaya  Mountains,  no  miles 
cast  of  Lodiana.  Missionaries — M.  B.  Carleton,  M.  D.,  and  Mrs. 
Carleton. 

Jl'LLUNDUR  (1846):  120  miles  east  of  Lahore,  30  miles  west  of 
Lodiana.  Missionaries— Rev.  C.  B.  Newton,  D.D.,  and  Mrs.  Newton, 
Miss  Caroline  C.  Downs,  and  Miss  Margaret  C.  Given. 

Amhai^.a  (  1848)  :  55  miles  southeast  of  Lodiana.  Missionaries — 
Rev.  Reese  Thack  well.  D.D.,  and  INIrs.  Thackwell.  Rev.  W.J.  Clark 
and  Mrs.  Clark,  Mrs.  William  Calderwood,  Miss  J.  R.  Carleton,  M.D.. 
and  Miss  Mary  E.  Pratt. 

Lahork  (1849):  the  capital  of  the  Punjab.  1,225  mile 
northwest  of  Calcutta.  Missionaries — Rev.  J.  C.  Rhea  Ewing,  D.I)., 
and  Mrs.  FCwing,  Rev.  J.  Harris  Orbison,  M  D.,  and  Mrs.  Orbison. 
Rev.  Henry  C.  Vclte  and  Mrs.  Velte,  Rev.  H.  D.  Griswold  and  Mrs- 
Griswold,  Prof  J.  G.  Gilbertson  and  Mrs.  Gilbertson,  Mrs.  Jno- 
Newton,  Jr.,  Dr.  Emily  Marston,  Miss  Christine  Herron,  Rev.  F.  B- 
McCuskey  and  Mrs.  McCuskey.     (At  Waga):   Miss  Clara  Thiedc. 

Dkhra  (1853)  :  47  miles  east  of  Saharanpur.  Missionaries — Rev. 
W.  J.  P.  Morrison,  Miss  Elma  Donaldson,  Miss  Jennie  L.  Colman, 
Mrs.  Abbie  M.  Stebbins,  Dr.  Sarah  Vrooman,  Miss  Si.  Iv  Rogers. 

Hoshyarpur  I  1867):  45  miles  north  of  Lodiana.  /^rv.  A'.  C. 
Chatter jee,  D.  D.,  and  Mrs.  Chatter j^c. 

Woodstock  (1S72)  :  in  Landour,  15  miles  cast  of  Dehra.  Rev. 
II.  M.  Andrews  and  Mrs.  Andrews,  Rev.  J.  vS.  Woodside  and  Mrs. 
Woodside,  Miss  Alice  Mitchell,  M.  D.,  Miss  .Anna  K.  Paving. 

Fkro/kpork  (1882) :  50  miles  southwest  of  Lodiana.  Mission- 
aries—Rev. I'.  J.  Newton,  M.D.,  and  Mrs.  Newton,  Rev.  J.  N.  Hyde. 
Mrs.  C.  W.  Forman. 

Kasur:    Rev.  Robert  Morrison  and  Mrs.  Morrison. 

UNITED  PROVINCES  MISSION 

.Ar.LAHAHAn  (^i.S3h  :  at  the  junotiou  of  the  Ganges  and  the  Jumna, 
506  miles  northwest  of  Calcutta.  Rev.  J.  J.  Lucas,  D.I).,  and  Mrs. 
Lucas,  Rev.  Arthur  H.  Ewing,  Ph.D.,  and  Mrs.  Ewing,  Rev.  A.  B. 
Allison  and  Mrs.  Allison,  Mr.  P.  H.  Edwards,  Miss  Hester  McGaughey, 


THE    MISSIONS    IN    INDIA  59 

Miss  J.  W.  Tracy,  Dr.  Margaret  K.  Norris,  Miss  Caroline  E   Ewing, 
Miss  M.   P.  Forman,  Rev.  J.  J.  Caleb,  Rev.  I.  l-ieldbrave. 

Etawah  (1863)  :  on  the  Jumna,  30  miles  southwest  of  Mainpuri. 
Rev.  W.  F.Johnson,  D.  D.,  Miss  Mary  Johnson,  Rev.  Farm  Sukh. 

1'atehgarh-Farukhabad  (1837)  :  the  former  the  civil  station 
and  the  latter  the  native  city,  733  miles  northwest  of  Calcutta. 
Rev.  C.  H.  Bandy  and  Mrs.  Bandy,  Rev.  Ray  C.  Smith  and  Mrs. 
Smith,  Rev.  J.  H.  Lawrence  and  Mrs.  Lawrence,  Miss  M.J.  Morrow, 
Miss  Mary  Fullerton,  Miss  Josephine  Johnson,  Rev.  k'edar  Nath, 
Rev.  Abdul  Qi'idtr. 

Fathhpur  (  1853)  :  75  "liles  northwest  of  Allahabad.  Mission- 
aries—Rev. Thomas  Tracy  and  Mrs.  Tracy,  Rev.  C.  H.  Mattison 
and  Mrs.  Mattison. 

JHANSI  (1886)  :  250  miles  west  of  Allahabad  ;  population,  52,000. 
Rev.  James  F.  Holcomb  and  Mrs.  Holcomb,  Rev.  Nabi  Hakhsh,  Rev. 
Dharm  Singh. 

Mainpuri  (1843)  •  4°  miles  west  of  Fatehgarh.  Rev  William  T. 
Mitchell  and  Mrs.  Mitchell,  Rev.  Gulam  Masih. 

Morar  (1874)  :  capital  of  the  native  State  of  Gwalior.  Rev.  J. 
S.  Symington,  M.D.,  and  Mrs.  Svmington,  Mrs.  B.  D.  Wyckoff,  Rev, 
Sukh  PiU. 

Etah  (1900):  Missionaries— Rev.  John  N.  Forman  and  Mrr?. 
Forman,  Rev.  A.  G.  McGaw  and  Mrs.  McGaw,  Rev.  Henry  Forman 
and  Mrs.  Forman. 

Cawnpore  (1901)  :    Rev.  S.  M.  Gillam. 

WESTERN  INDIA  MISSION 

KOLHAPUR  (1853) :  200  miles  southeast  of  Bombay;  45.000  in- 
habitants. Rev.  Galen  \V.  Seiler  and  Mrs.  Seiler,  Rev.  Joseph  M. 
Goheen  and  Mrs.  Gohecn,  Mrs.  R.  G.  Wilder,  Miss  Esther  Patton, 
Miss  Grace  E.  Wilder,  Miss  C.  L.  Seiler,  Rev.  E.  W.  Simpson. 

RaTnagiri  ( 1873)  :  82  miles  northwest  of  Kolhapur,  on  the  coast- 
Rev.  A.  L.  Wilev  and  Mrs.  Wiley,  Rev.  R.  C.  Richardson  and  Mrs- 
Richardson,  Miss  Emily  T.  Minor,  Miss  Amanda  M.Jefferson,  Miss 
Bertha  Johnson. 

KODOU  (1877):  12  miles  north  of  Kolhapur.  Rev.  Lyman  R. 
Tedford  and  Mrs.  Tedford,  Rev.  J.  P.  Graham,  Miss  F.  Isabelle 
Graham,  Miss  A.  Adelaide  Brown,  Dr.  Victoria  McArthur,  Miss  M.  J. 
Thomson,  Miss  E.  E.  Sheurman,  Miss  Alice  S.  Giles,  Dr.  Winifred 
Heston  (village  settlement  1. 

Sangu  (1S84)  :  30  miles  east  of  Kolhapur.  Mr.  John  JoUv  and 
Mrs.  Jolly,  Rev.  Edgar  M.  Wilson  and  Mrs.  Wilson,  Miss  Grace 
Enright.  ' 

MiRAj(i892):  6  miles  south  of  Sangli.  William  J.  Wanless,  M.D.. 
and  Mrs.  Wanless,  Alexander  S.  Wilson,  M.D.,  and  Mrs.  Wilson,  Rev 
R.  C.  Richardson  and  Mrs.  Richardson,  J.  Rutter  Williamson,  M.  D., 
Miss  Elizabeth  A.  Foster,  Miss  Patterson. 

Vknguri-p:  (1900):  on  the  coast,  85  miles  south  of  Ratnagiri. 
Rev.  J.  M.  Irwin  and  Mrs.  Irwin,  Rev.  W.  H.  Hannum  and  Mrs.  Han- 
num,  Rev.  A.  W.  Marshall  and  Mrs.  Marshall.  M.  D. 


[IISTORICAL   SKHTCH    Ol" 


Missionaries  in  India,   1833-1903 

•Died.     Figures,  Term  of  Service  in  the  Field. 


Alexander,  Rev.  J.  M., 

n.D.,  1S65-1903 

Alexander,  Mrs.,  1865-1903 

Allen,  Maud,  M.D.,  1894 
Allison,  Rev.  A.  B  ,  1902 
Allison,  Mrs..  1902 

Andrews,  Rev.  H.  M..  1890 
Andrews,     Mrs.     (Miss 
S.    S.     Hutchinson, 
1 879- 1 885),  1890 

Rabbitt,  Miss  Bessie,      1888-1891 
Bacon,  Miss  J.  M.,  1872-1882 

Bailv,  Miss  Marv  E.,     1889-1901 
Bandy,  Rev.  C.  H.,        1894 
Bandv,  Mrs.,  1894 

Barker,  Rev.  \V.  P.,        1S72-1876 
Barker,  Mrs.,  1872-1876 

"Barnes,  Rev.  Geo.  O.,    1855-1861 
Barnes,  Mrs.,  1855-1861 

*Bcattv,  Miss  C.  L.,  1S62-1869 

Bell,  Miss  J    F.,  M.D.,  1884 -1888 
*Bel/.,  Miss  C,  1872-1903 

Bergen,  Rev.  G.  S.,        1865-1883 
Bergen,  Mrs.,  1869- 1883 

Braddock,  Mrs.  E  H.,   1892-1900 
Brink,  Miss  I'.A.,M. I). ,1X72    1874 
•Brodhead,  Rev.  Aug.,    1.S58-1878 
Brodhcad.  Mrs.,  1858-1878 

Brown,  Miss  A.  A.,         1894 
Butler.  Miss  J.  M..  1S80-1881 

^Calderwood,  Rev. Wni. ,1X55-1889 
•  Caldcrwood,  Mrs.  L.G.,  1855-1859 
Calderwood,  Mrs.  E.,    1863 
"^Caldwell,  Rev.  Joseph,  1838- 1877 
Caldwell,  Mrs  ,  1838- 1839 

"Caldwell,  Mrs  ,  1S42-1878 

Caldwell,    Bertha  T., 

M  I)  .  1894- 1902 

"Campbell,  Rev.Jas.  R.,  1836-1862 

♦Campbell,  Mrs.,  1836-1873 

♦Campbell,  Rev.  I),  l-..,  1850-1857 

*Cam])bell,  Mrs.,  1850-1857 

Campbell, Miss  Marv  A.  1860-1863 

Campbell,  Miss  A.,  '       1S74-187S 

Campbell,!..  M..  1875-1878 

*Carleton,  Rev.  M.  M.,    1.S55    1S98 

*Carleton,  Mrs..  1855    18S1 

Carleton,  Mrs.,  ivS84 

Carleton.     Marcus     B  , 

M.I).,  18S1 

Carleton,  Mrs.,  1.SS7 

Carleton,  Dr.  Jessie  R  ,  1886 


Clark,  Rev.  W.J.,  1893 

Clark,  Mrs.,  1893 

Clark,  Miss  C.  R.,  1895 

Colman,  Miss  J.  L-,       1890 
Condit,  Miss  Anna  M.,  1886-1888 
*Craig,  James,  1838-1845 

*Craig,  Mrs.,  1838-1846 

*Craig,  Miss  M.  A.,         1870- 1890 
*Davis,  Miss  Julia,  1835-1836 

Davis,  Miss  M.  C,  1895-1897 

Donaldson,  Mi-s  Elma,  1.SS9 
Downs,  Miss  C.  C,  1881 
Edwards.  Preston  H.,  1902 
luiright,  MissG.  L.,  1902 
Ely,  Rev.  J.  B.,  1896-1901 

Ely,  Mrs.,  1896- 1901 

Evans,  Miss  Clara,         1901 
•Ewalt,  Miss  Marg't  L.,  1888-1892 
Ewing.  Rev.  J.  C.  R., 

D.D.,  1879 

Ewing,  Mrs..  1879 

I<:wing,Rev.A.H.,Ph.Di89c) 
lowing,  Mrs.,  1890 

lowing.  Miss  C  E.,         1901 
Ewing,  Miss  Anna  K.,  1901 
♦Ferris,  Rev.  O    H.,         1S78-1893 
Ferris,  Mrs.,  1878-1900 

Fisher,  Rev.  H.,  Ml).,  1889-1899 
Fisher,  Mrs..  1896-1899 

♦Forman,  Rev.    C    W., 

D.D.,  1848-1S94 

♦Forman.    Mrs.     ^^Miss 

Margaret  Newton),  1855-1878 
Korman,  Mrs.  G.  S.,      1884 
Forman,  Rev.  Henry,   1.S84 
♦Forman,  Mrs.  (Miss  A. 

K    Bird.   1888),  1889-1896 

Forman,  Mrs.  (MissC. 

vS.  Newton^,  1898 

Forman,    Rev.    C.    W., 

M.D.,  1883 

Forman,  Mrs.,  1888 

Forman,  Rev.  John  N.,  1S87 
Forman,  Mrs.  1  Miss  K. 

M.  Foote.  i8S6\        1890 
Forman,  Miss  Mary  P.,|.SJ>7 
I'ortnan.Miss  I^mily  N.  1892 
I'Osler.  Miss  E.  A.,         1897 
•I'recnian.  Re  V.John  l'".  .1838-1.S57 
♦iMceiiian.  Mrs.  M.  A  .   1.S38-1849 
•Freeman,  Mrs    Eli^..     1851-1857 
♦Fullerlon.  Rev.  R.  S.,  1850- 1865 


THE    MISSIONS    IN    INDIA 


6l 


*Fullerton,  Mrs., 

1S50- 

1866 

Fuller  tou,     Miss    M. 

1877-188S, 

'1H95 

Giddings,  Miss  C.  C, 

1889- 

1897 

GilhcrtsoH,  Prot.  J.  G., 

1889 

Gilbertson,  Mrs., 

1889 

Giles,  Miss  Alice  L., 

1899 

Gillam,  Rev.  S.  M., 

1900 

Given,  Miss  Marg't  M. 

,1881 

(iohecn.  Rev.  J.  M., 

i>^75 

*Goheen,  Mrs., 

1875- 

1876 

Goheen,  Mrs.  (Miss  A 

B.  M'Ginnis,  1876 1, 

1879 

Gould,  Rev.  A.  B., 

1900 

Gould,  Mrs., M.D. (Miss 

Helen  Newton,  '93) 

,1902 

Graham,  Rev.  J.  P., 

1872 

*Grahani,  Mrs.  1  Miss  M 

Bunnell;, 

1872- 

1901 

Graham,  Miss  F.  I., 

1900 

*Green,  Willis,  M.D., 

1842- 

1S43 

Griffiths,  Miss  Irene, 

1S79- 

1890 

Griswold,  Rev.  H.  D., 

Ph.D  , 

1890 

Griswoid.  Mrs., 

1890 

Hamilton,  Miss  Mary, 

1901 

Haniuini,  Rev.  W.  H., 

1890 

Hannuni,  Mrs., 

1890 

Hanlie,  Miss  M.  H., 

1874- 

1876 

*Hav,  Rev.  L.  G., 

1850- 

1857 

Mla'v,  Mrs.. 

1850- 

1857 

*Henry,  Rev.  J.  A.. 

1864- 

1869 

Henry,  Mrs., 

1S64- 

1869 

♦Heron,  Rev.  David, 

J«55- 

1886 

'Heron,    Mrs.   (Miss  M 

L.  Browning,  1855), 

1857- 

1863 

*  Heron,  Mrs., 
Herron,  Miss  C.  B 
Heston,  Dr.  Winifred,    1902 
Heyl,  Rev.  Francis,       1 867-1 88 1 

*  Hodge,  Rev.  A.  A., 

*  Hodge,  Mrs., 
Holconil),  Rev.  J.  F 
Holconib,  Mrs., 

•Hull,  Rev.  J.  J  , 

Hull,  Mrs., 

Hutchison,  Miss  S., 

Hvde,  Rev.  J    X., 
Mn'glis,  Rev.  T.  E., 

Inglis,  Mrs., 
•Irving,  Rev.  David, 
^Irving,  Mrs., 

Irwin,  Rev.  J.  M., 

Irwin,  Mrs., 

Irwin,  Miss  Rachel, 
^Jamieson,  Rev.  J.  M 


I 868- I 874 
1896 


1 848- 1 850 

I 848- I 850 

1870 

1870 

1872-1881 

1S72-1891 

1885-1894 

1S92 

1 884 -1 89 2 

1884-1892 

1846-1849 

1846-1849 

1890 

1890-1898 
1836-1856 


*Jamieson,  Mrs.  R.. 

*Jamieson,  Mrs.  E-  McL 

'^Janvier.  Rev.  Levi, 

*Janvier,  Mrs., 

^Janvier,  Mrs.   (Mrs.  M. 

R.  Porter,  1849), 
Janvier,  Rev.  C.  A.  R., 
Janvier,  Mrs., 
JcfTerson,  Miss  A.  M  , 
Jenks,  Miss  J.  H., 

*Jolinson,  Rev.  A.  O., 

*Johnson,  Mrs., 
Johnson,  Rev.  William 
F.,  D.D., 

*Johnson,  Mrs., 
Johnson,  Miss  Bertha, 
Johnson,  Miss  M.  E., 
Johnson,  Rev.  h\  O., 
Johnson,  Mrs., 
Johnson,  Miss  J.  C, 
JoUv,  Mr.  John,         189 
Jolly,  Mrs  ,  189 

Jones,  Rev.  V.  S.  G., 
Jones,  Mrs., 
Jones,  Miss  Alice  B., 

^Kellogg.  Rev.  S.  H., 
1865-1876; 

*Kellogg,  Mrs., 
Kellogg,  Mrs., 
Kelso,  Rev.  A.  P  , 
Kelso,  Mrs., 
Lawrence,  Rev.  J.  H., 
Lawrence,  Mrs., 
Lawson,  Miss  Marv  B  , 

*Leavitt,  Rev.  E.  H., 

*Lowenthal,  Rev.  I  , 

*Lowrie,  Rev.  John  C, 

*Lowrie,  Mrs.  Louisa  A., 
Lucas,  Rev.  J.  J.,D  D., 
Lucas,  Mrs.  (  Miss  Sly), 
Marshall,  Rev.  A.  W., 
Marshall,    Mrs.,    M.I). 
(Miss  M.J.  Stewart 
Marston,  Emilv,  M.D., 
Martin,  Rev.  E.  D., 
Martin,  Mrs.    ( Miss    C 

Hutchison  1, 
Mattison,  Rev.  C.  H., 
Maltison,     Mrs.     (Miss 

Lincoln), 
Mc.'\rthur,  Dr.  Victoria 

*McAulev,  Rev.  W.  H., 

*McAule'y,  Mrs., 
McComb,  Rcv.Jas.  M. 
McComb,  Mrs., 
McCuskey,  Rev.  F.  B  . 


836-1845 
848-1856 
841-1864 
841-1854 

856-1875 

887-:  1 901 

887-1901 

891 

9J1 

855 -'857 

855- "857 

860 

860-1888 

902 

891 

897 

897 

9Ji 

-'94 ;  '97 
-'94 ;  '97 

888 

893 
898 

892-1899 
865-1876 
892-  1 899 
S69 
869 
901 
901 
887- I 888 

855-1857 
855-1864 
833- '836 

833-1833 
870 
871 
900 

900 
891 
893-1901 

891-1901 
901 

901 

899 

840-1851 

840-1851 

882-1898 

882-1898 

902 


HISTORICAL   SKETCH    OF 


McCuskey,  Mrs., 

1902 

*C)rbison,  Rev.  J.  H., 

1850-1869 

McKweu,  Rev.  James, 

[836- 

1830 

♦Orbison,  Mrs.  Agnes  C. 

.1853-1855 

Mcl\weu,  Mrs.. 

[836- 

1838 

Orbison,  Mrs., 

1859-1869 

McGaughey,  Miss  H., 

1898 

Orbison,    Rev.    J.    H. 

McOaw,  Rev.  A.  G., 

1894 

M.D., 

1886 

Mciiaw,  Mrs., 

894 

Orbison,  Mrs., 

1886 

McMullin,  Rev.  R.  M., 

[856- 

1857 

Orbison, Miss  Agnes  L. 

1889-1896 

McMullin.Mrs., 

856- 

1857 

^Ovven,  Rev.  Joseph, 

1840-1870 

Meek,  Rev.  C.  C, 

895- 

1896 

'Owen, Mrs. Augusta  M. 

1844-1864 

Millar,  Mrs.  S.  J., 

873- 

1877 

( )wen,  Mrs., 

I 867- I 870 

Miller,  Miss  Bertha, 

[901 

Patterson,  Miss  D.  ¥,., 

1902 

Minor,  Miss  E.  T., 

[891 

Patton,  Miss  E.  H., 

1880 

Mitchell,  Dr.  Alice, 

^95 

Pendleton,  MissE.  M., 

1882-1889 

Mitchell,  Rev.  W.  T., 

[896 

Perley,  Miss  P\, 

1879-1882 

Mitchell,  Mrs.,                i 

896 

Pollock,  Rev.  Geo.  W., 

1881-1887 

Morris,  Rees, 

[8^,8- 

1845 

Pollock,  Mrs., 

I 88 1-1887 

Morris,  Mrs.,                    ] 

838- 

1845 

♦Porter,  Rev.  Joseph, 

1836-1853 

Morris,  Miss  Kmma, 

[892 

■Porter,  Mrs., 

1836-1842 

Morrison,  Rev.  John  H. 

837- 

1881 

Pratt,  Miss  M.  E., 

1873 

*  Morrison,  Mrs.  Anna  M. 

^837- 

1838 

*Rankin,  Rev.  J.  C, 

1840-1848 

•Morrison,  Mrs. Isabella, 

^839- 

1843 

*Raiikin,  Mrs.. 

1840-1848 

♦Morrison,  Mrs.  Anna,     ] 

846- 

i860 

-Reed,  Rev.  William, 

1833- 1834 

^Morrison,  Mrs.  E.  A., 

870- 

1 888 

♦Reed,  Mrs., 

1833-1834 

Morrison,  Rev. W.J.  P., 

865 

Richardson,Rev.  R.C., 

1901 

♦Morrison,    Mrs.     (Miss 

Richardson,  Mrs., 

1901 

Thackwell,  1S77-),   ] 

879- 

1888 

^Rogers,  Rev.  Wm.  S., 

ift36-i843 

♦Morrison,    Mrs.     1  Miss 

♦Rogers,  Mrs., 

1836-1843 

Geisinger,  1882-),     1 

892- 

1898 

Rogers,  Miss  M.  E., 

1899 

Morrison,  Miss  H., 

865- 

1876 

*Ru(iolph,  Rev.  A., 

1846-1888 

Morrison,  Rev.  Robt., 

883 

♦Rudolph.  Mrs.. 

1846-1849 

Morrison,    Mrs.     (Miss 

♦Rudolph,  Mrs., 

1851-1855 

Annie  Heron,  '79-), 

[884 

Savage,  Miss  H.  A., 

1888 

Morrow,  Miss  M.  J.,      i 

890 

Say  re,  Rev.  E.  H., 

1863- 1S70 

♦Munnis,  Rev.  R.  M., 

846- 

1861 

Sayrc,  Mrs., 

1863-1870 

•Muiinis,  Mrs., 

851- 

1861 

Sciieurman.MissE.E., 

1899 

*Mvers,  Rev.  J.  H., 

S6s- 

1869 

♦Scott,  Rev.  J.  L., 

♦Myers,  Mrs., 

865- 

1875 

I 838- I 867 ; 

1877-1880 

Nelson,  Miss  J    A., 

871- 

1878 

♦Scott,  Mrs.  CM., 

1838-184S 

♦Newton,  Rev.  John, 

835 

1 89 1 

♦Scott,  Mrs.  J.  L., 

^Newton,  Mrs.Elizab'th, 

835- 

•857 

1853  ;  1860-1867  ; 

1877-1892 

♦Newton,  Mrs., 

866 

1893 

Scott,  Miss  .\nna  E., 

1874-1892 

*Newton,  Rev.Jno.,  Jr., 

♦Seeley,  Rev.  A.  H., 

1846-1854 

M.D. 

1860- 

1880 

♦Seeley,  Mrs., 

1846-1853 

Newton, Mrs., i86i-'82; 

1888 

♦Seclcy,  Rev.  (;.  A., 

1870-1887 

Newton,    Rev.    C.    H., 

Seelcv,  Mrs., 

1879  1887 

D.D. 

867 

♦Scelcy,  Miss  !•;.  J., 

1879^887 

♦Newton,  Mrs.    Miss  M. 

Scilcr,  Rev.  C  \V., 

1.S70 

B.  Thompson,  '69), 

1871- 

1897 

Seiler,  Mrs., 

1881 

Newton.  Mrs.  (Miss  J. 

♦Seward,  Sara  C.  M.D. 

1873- 1891 

F.  Dunlap,  1889 1, 

900 

Shaw,  Rev.  H.  W., 

18 so- 1855 

Newton,Rev.E.J.,M.I). 

1.S70 

Shaw,  Mrs.. 

1850-1855 

Newton,  Mrs., 

870 

Sherman,  Miss  J., 

1889-1899 

Newton,  Rev.  E.  P., 

873 

Simonson,  Rev.  (i.  H., 

1893-1900 

Newton,  Mrs., 

1874 

Simpson,  Rev.  E.  W., 

1902 

Noble,  Dr.  Mary  R.. 

902 

Smith,  Rev.  Ray  C. 

1900 

Norris,  Dr.  Marg't  R., 

900 

Smith,  Mrs.. 

1900 

THK    MISSIONS    IX    INDIA 


63 


i«93 

1888- 

1902 

1902 

1880 

1880 


Stebbins,  Mrs.  A.  M. 
Symes,  Miss  Mary  L. 
Symiugton,  Rcv.J.S 
Syiiiington,  Mrs., 
Tedford,  Rev.  L.  B.. 
Tedford,  Mrs., 
Tenipliu,  Dr.Kuima  L.,1893 
Thackwell,  Rev. Reese, 
D.D.,  1859 

*  Thackwell,  Mrs.,  1859 

Thackwell,  Mrs.    (Miss 

S.  Morrison,  1869),  1875 
Thiede,  Miss  Clara, 
Thomson,  Miss  M.  J., 
Tracy,  Rev.  Thomas, 
Tracy,   Mrs.    (Miss   N 

Dickey), 
Tracy,  Miss  J.  W., 
Tracy,  Rev.  Robt.  D., 

*Ullman.  Rev.  J.  F., 

*Ullmau,  Mrs., 


1894 

1894 
i«73 


1873 
1899 
iSb9 


1896 
I S90 
*Vanderveer, Miss  Jane,  1840-1846 


1870 

1898 

1901 

1848- 

1848- 


Velte,  Rev.  H 

Velte,  Mrs., 

Vrooman,  Dr.  Sarah, 

Walsh,  Rev.  J.  J., 
*\Valsh,  Mrs., 

Walsh,  Miss  Marian, 
*Walsh,  Miss  Emma, 

Walsh,  Miss  Lizzie, 

Wanless,  W.  J.,  M.I) 

Wan  less,  Mrs., 
*  Warren,  Rev.  J., 

1838-1854;  1873- 
*Warren,  Mrs., 
■Warren,  Mrs., 

Wberrv,  Rev.  E.  M., 
D  D.,   1S67-1889;  1898 


1882 

1692 

1901 

i''^43- 

1843- 

1864^ 

1868- 

1870- 

1889 

1889 


i»73- 
1838- 

i«73- 


1873 
1873 
1866 
1869 
1882 


1877 
1854 
1901 


Wherry,  Mrs,, 

I 867- I 889;  1898- 
Wherry,  Miss  S.  M.,      1879 
*Wil(ler,  Rev.  R.  G.,       1870-1876 
Wilder,  Mrs., i87o-'76;  1887 
Wilder,  Miss  Grace  E.,  1887 
Wilder,  R.  P.,  1892-1895 

Wilder,  Mrs.,  1892- 1895 

Wiley,  Rev.  A.  L.,         1899 
Wiley,  Mrs.,  1899 

*Williams,  Rev.  R.  E..    1852-1861 
Williamson,  Miss  C.  J., 

1882-1884; 1895 
Williamson,  J.  Rutlcr, 
M.D.,  1902 

♦Wilson,  Rev.  H.  R.,       1838-1846 
^Wilson,  Mrs.,  1838-1846 

*Wilson,  Rev.  James,      1838-1851 
nVilson,  Mrs.,  1838-1851 

*Wilson,  Miss  M.  X.,      1873-1879 
Wilson,  Rev.  Ivlgar  M.,1894 
Wilson,  Mrs.,  1897 

Wilson,  Alex  S.,M.D.,  1896 
Wilson,  Mrs.,  1896 

Winter,  Dr.  Sarah  E.,   1893   1S95 
Woodside,  Rev.  J.  S.,    1848 
*Woodside,  Mis.,  1.S4S-1888 

Woodside,    Mrs.    (Mrs. 

Leavitt,  1856),  1890 

■^Woodside,  Miss  J.,         1868-1889 

Woodside,  Miss  G.  D.,  1902 
*Wray,  Rev.  John,  1841-1849 

*Wrav,  Mrs.,  1841-1849 

*Wyckoff,  Rev.  B.  D., 

1860-1875;  1883-1896 
Wyckoff,  Mrs.. 

1860-1875:  1883-1896 
Wynkoop.  Rev.  T.  S.,  1868-1877 


BOOKS  OF  REFERENCE 

Among  India's  Students.     Robert  P.  Wilder. 

Asiatic  Studies.     Sir  Alfred  Lyall. 

Bits  About  India.     Helen  H.  Holconib.     $i.oo. 

Rrahnioism  :  a  History  of  Reformed  Hinduism.     R.  C.  Bose. 

Buddhism  :   In  its  Connection  with  Brahmanism  and  Hinduism,     Sir 

Monier  Williams. 
Conversion  of  India.     George  Smith.     $1.50. 
Everyday  Life  in  India.     Rev.  A.  D.  Rowe.     $1.50. 
From  Da'rkness  to  Light  (Telegu  Awakening).     J.  K.  Clough. 
Hinduism  and  its  Relations  to  Christianity.     Rev.  John  RoVjsou. 
Hinduism  :  Past  and  Present.     Rev.  J.  Murray  Mitchell,  LL.D.  |i.6o. 
Historv  of  A.  P.  Missions  in  India.     Rev.  J.  Newton.     $1.00. 
History  of  India  for  High  Schools.     C.  F.  dc  la  Fosse,  M.A. 
History  of  India.     James  Grant.     2  vols.     |iooo. 
History  of  Protestant  Missions  in  India.     M.  A.  Sherring. 
India  and  Indian  Missions.     Alexander  Duff,  D.D. 
India:  Historical,  Pictorial  and  Descriptive.     C.  H.  Eden.     $200. 
India  :  Its  History,  Darkness  and  Dawn.     Rev.  W.  St.  Clair  Tisdall. 
India  Missions,  Scmi-Ccntennial  Celebration,  1S84. 
India.     Sir  John  Strachcy. 
Indian  Buddhism.     T.  W.  Rhys  Davids. 

Indian  Missions.     Sir  Bartle  F'rere. 

Indian  Mutinv.     Alexander  Duff,  D.D. 

India's  Proble'm  :  Krishna  or  Christ.    John  P.  Jones,  D.D.     f  1.50. 

Life  and  Travel  in  India.     A.  H.  Leonowens. 

Life  by  the  Ganges.     Mrs.  Mullens.     80  cents. 

Life  iti  India      John  W.  Dulles  D.D.     $1.06. 

Life  of  Alexander  Duff.     G.  Smith.     ^2.00. 

Life  and  Times  of  Carey,  Marshman  and  Ward. 

Life  of  Wdliam  C.  Burns.     Islay  Burns. 

Lux  Christi.     Mrs.  C.  A.  Mason. 

Martyrs  of  the  Mutiny.     50  cents. 

Memoirs  of  John  Scudder.     51.25. 

Memoirs  of  Rev.  Joseph  Owen,  D.D.     J.  C.  Moffatt. 

Men  of  Might  in  Indian  Missions.     Helen   H.  Holcomb. 

Missions  of  A.  B.  C.  b\  M    in  India  and  Ceylon.     S.  C  Bartlett.    fi.50. 

Missionary  Expansion  of  Reformed  Churches.     Rev.   ].  A.  (iraham. 
IS.  6c/. 

Missionary  Life  Among  the  Villages  of  India.     T.  J.  Scott.    So  cents. 

Modern  India  and  the  Indians.     Sir  Monier  Williams.      14.^. 

Modern  Hinduism.     W.  J.  Wilkins.      i6s. 

Our  Sisters  in  India.      Rev.  bv    vStorrow.     I1.25. 

Pandita  Ramabai.      Helen  S.  Dyer.     $1.25. 

Religions  of  India.     1'.  Max  Miillcr.     105   6d. 

Scenes  in  Southern  India.     Mrs.  Murray  Mitchell.     $1.00. 

Suwarta.     Miss  Annie  H.  Small. 

The  High  Caste  Hindu  Woman.     Pandita  Ramabai.     75  cents. 

The  Cross  in  the  Land  of  the  Trident.     Harlan  P.  Beach.     50  cents. 

Two  Years  in  Upper  India.     Rev.  John  C.  Lowric.     f  1.50. 

Village  Work  in  India.     Rev.  N.  Russell.     #1.00. 

Wrongs  of  Indian  Womanhood.     Mrs.  M.  B.  IniUcr.     J  1.25. 


Stockton,  Calif. 


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